Heterogeneidade no envolvimento do bullying escolar: Uma análise das classes latentes

Autores

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15359/ree.25-3.4

Palavras-chave:

Bullying, convivência pacífica, violência, tipologia

Resumo

O presente estudo teve como objetivo desenvolver uma tipologia de bullying através de uma técnica estatística que minimiza o erro de classificação nos grupos. Essa tipologia nos permite examinar como os múltiplos atributos do bullying coexistem nas pessoas sem separá-los artificialmente. Usando uma análise de classe latente, seis itens foram modelados representando os papéis de testemunha, vítima e sujeito agressor em situações de bullying em 440 estudantes chilenos entre 14 e 20 anos de idade (M = 16,30 e DE = 1,42). Dois modelos com quatro e cinco classes latentes são relatados respectivamente. No modelo de quatro classes há um grupo chamado “Não envolvido” (14,5%), que não esteve envolvido na participação de bullying, um grupo chamado “Testemunha” (56,2%), que só esteve envolvido como testemunha em situações de bullying, um grupo chamado “Testemunha e vítima” (13,3%) que esteve envolvido como testemunha e vítima em situações de assédio e finalmente um grupo chamado “Testemunha, vítima e agressor” que esteve envolvido em todas as funções. No modelo de cinco classes, os mesmos grupos são observados, e mais um chamado “Testemunha e agressor” (16%), que esteve envolvido como testemunha e agressor no bullying. Os resultados indicam que a maioria dos estudantes já se envolveu em situações de bullying e que uma parte importante esteve envolvida em mais de uma função, o que implica que a vitimização e a perpetração de bullying não são mutuamente exclusivos.

Biografia do Autor

Carlos Mellado, Universidad Santo Tomás

Licenciado en Psicología. Magister en Psicología Educacional y Doctor en Psicología. Investigador y Docente Escuela de Psicología, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales y Comunicaciones, Universidad Santo Tomás, Chile. Línea de Investigación: Parentalidad y Autonomía del Adolescente.

Pablo Mendez-Bustos, Universidad Católica del Maule

Psicólogo, académico e investigador del Departamento de Psicología de la Universidad Católica del Maule. Especialista en psicoterapia. Investigador Afiliado del Center of Excellence for Cultural Competence (CECC) of the Columbia University Medical Center. New York. Líneas de investigación: Trastornos psiquiátricos y comportamiento suicida. Investigador Responsable del Fondecyt 11170342

Referências

Barhight, L. R., Hubbard, J. A. y Hyde, C. T. (2013). Children´s physiological and emotional reactions to witnessing bullying predict bystander intervention. Child Development, 84(1), 375-390. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2012.01839.x

Berger Silva, C. (2012). Trayectorias de victimización escolar: Características y factores de riesgo en adolescentes chilenos. Universitas Psychologica, 11(1), 103-118. https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.upsy11-1.tvec

Berger, C. y Rodkin, P. C. (2009). Male and female victims of male bullies: Social status differences by gender and informant source. Sex Roles, 61(1-2), 72-84. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-009-9605-9

Bergman, L. R. y El-Khouri, B. M. (2003). A person-oriented approach: Methods for today and methods for tomorrow. New Directions for Child & Adolescent Development, (101), 25-38. https://doi.org/10.1002/cd.80

Bolck, A., Croon, M. y Hagenaars, J. (2004). Estimating latent structure models with categorical variables: One-step versus three-step estimators. Political Analysis, 12(1), 3-27. https://doi.org/10.1093/pan/mph001

Bray, B. C., Lanza, S. T. y Collins, L. M. (2010). Modeling relations among discrete developmental processes: A general approach to associative latent transition analysis. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 17(4), 541-569. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705511.2010.510043

Celeux, G. y Soromenho, G. (1996). An entropy criterion for assessing the number of clusters in a mixture model. Journal of Classification, 13(2), 195-212. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01246098

Chung, J. Y. y Lee, S. (2020). Are bully-victims homogeneous? Latent class analysis on school bullying. Children and Youth Services Review, 112(2). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.104922

Cole, D. A., Zelkowitz, R. L., Nick, E., Martin, N. C., Roeder, K. M., Sinclair-McBride, K. y Spinelli. T. (2016). Longitudinal and incremental relation of cybervictimization to negative self-cognitions and depressive symptoms in young adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 44(7), 1321-1332. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-015-0123-7

Cumsille, P., Darling, N., Flaherty, B. y Martínez, M. L. (2009). Heterogeneity and change in the patterning of adolescents´ perceptions of the legitimacy parental authority: A latent transitional model. Child Development, 80(2),418-432. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01269.x

Fanti, K. A. y Kimonis, E. R. (2012), Bullying and victimization: The role of conduct problems and psychopathic traits. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 22(4), 617-631. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-7795.2012.00809.x

Graham, S., Bellmore, A. D. y Mize, J. (2006). Peer victimization, aggression, and their co-occurrence in middle school. Pathways to adjustment problem. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 34(3), 363-378. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-006-9030-2

Golmaryami, F. N., Frick, P. J., Hemphill, S. A., Kahn, R. E., Crapanzano, A. M. y Terranova, A. M. (2016). The social, behavioral, and emotional correlates of bullying and victimization in a school-based sample. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 44(2), 381-391. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-015-9994-x

Garaigordobil Landazabal, M., Mollo-Torrico, J. P. y Larrain Mariño, E. (2018). Prevalencia de bullying y cyberbullying en Latinoamérica: Una revisión. Revista Iberoamericana de Psicología, 11(3), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.33881/2027-1786.rip.11301

Heberle, A. E., Briggs-Gowans, M. J. y Carter, A. S. (2015). A person-oriented approach to identifying parenting styles in mothers of early school-age children. Infant and Child Development, 24(2), 130-156. https://doi.org/10.1002/icd.1888

Haynie, D. L., Nansel, T., Eitel, P., Crump, A. D., Saylor, K., Yu, K. y Simons-Morton, B. (2001). Bullies, victims and bullies/victims: Distinct group of at-risk youth. Journal of Early Adolescence, 21(1), 29-49. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431601021001002

Herrera-López, M., Romera, E.M. y Ortega-Ruiz, R. (2018). Bullying y cyberbullying en Latinoamérica: Un estudio bibliométrico. Revista Mexicana de Investigación Educativa, 23(76), 125-155. https://www.comie.org.mx/revista/v2018/rmie/index.php/nrmie/article/view/1142/1130

Hidalgo-Rasmussen, C., Molina, T., Molina, R., Sepúlveda, R., Martínez, V., Montaño,R., González, E. y George, M. (2015). Bullying y calidad de vida relacionada con la salud en adolescentes escolares chilenos. Revista Médica de

Chile, 143(6), 716-723. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0034-98872015000600004

Instituto Nacional de la Juventud, Ministerio de Desarrollo Social y Familia. (2018). 9 Encuesta nacional de juventud. Autor. https://www.injuv.gob.cl/sites/default/files/ix_encuesta_nacional_de_la_juventud_2018.pdf

Juvonen, J., Graham, S. y Schuster, M. A. (2003). Bullying among young adolescents: The strong, the weak, and the troubled. Pediatrics, 112(6 PT), 1231-1237. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.112.6.1231

Klomek, A. B., Marrocco, F., Kleinman, M., Schonfeld, I. S. y Gould, M. S. (2008). Peer victimization, depression, and suicidality in adolescents. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 38(2), 166-180. https://doi.org/10.1521/suli.2008.38.2.166

Lanza, S. T., Collins, L. M., Lemmon, D. R. y Schafer, J. L. (2007). PROC LCA: A SAS procedure for latent class analysis. Structural Equation Modeling, 14(4), 671-694. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705510701575602

Lecannelier, F., Varela, J., Rodríguez, J., Hoffman, M., Flores, F. y Ascanio L. (2011). Validación del Cuestionario de Maltrato entre Iguales por Abuso de Poder (MIAP) para escolares. Revista Médica de Chile, 139(4), 474-479. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0034-98872011000400009

Lovegrove, P. J., Henry, K. L. y Slater, M. D. (2012). Examination of the predictors of latent class typologies of bullying involvement among middle school students. Journal of School Violence, 11(1), 75-93. https://doi.org/10.1080/15388220.2011.631447

MacCallum, R. C., Zhang, S., Preacher, K. J. y Rucker, D. D. (2002). On the practice of dichotomization of quantitative variables. Psychological Methods, 7(1), 19-40. https://doi.org/10.1037//1082-989X.7.1.19

Nylund-Gibson, K. L., Asparouhov, T. y Muthén, B. O. (2007). Deciding on the number of classes in latent class analysis and growth mixture modeling: A monte carlo simulation study. Structural Equation Modeling, 14(4), 535-569. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705510701575396

Nylund-Gibson, K., Bellmore, A., Nishina, A. y Graham, S. (2007). Subtypes, severity, and structural stability of peer victimization: What does latent class analysis say? Child Development, 78(6), 1706-1722. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.01097.x

Olweus, D. A. (1986). The Olweus Bully/victim questionnaire [Mimeo]. Research Center for Health Promotion, University of Bergen.

Olweus D. A. (2013). School bullying: Development and some important challenges. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 9, 751-780. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185516

Organización Mundial de la Salud. (2003). Informe mundial sobre la salud 2003: Forjemos el futuro. Autor. http://www.who.int/whr/2003/en/whr03_es.pdf

Pavian, S. y Vandebosch, H. (2016). An investigation of short-term longitudinal associations between social anxiety and victimization and perpetration of traditional bullying and cyberbullying. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 45(2), 328-339. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-015-0259-3

Shao, A., Liang, L., Yuan, C. y Bian, Y. (2014). A latent class analysis of bullies, victims and aggressive victims in chinese adolescence: Relations with social and school adjustments. PLOS ONE, 9(4), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0095290

Solberg, M. E. y Olweus, D. (2003). Prevalence estimation of school bullying with the olweus bully/victim questionnaire. Aggressive Behavior, 29(3), 239-268. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.10047

Srabstein J. y Piazza, T. (2008). Public health, safety and educational risks associated with bullying behaviors in American adolescents. International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health, 20(2), 223-233. https://doi.org/10.1515/IJAMH.2008.20.2.223

Valadez, I., Amezcua, R., González, N., Montes, R. y Vargas, V. (2011). Maltrato entre iguales e intento suicida en sujetos adolescentes escolarizados. Revista Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales, Niñez y Juventud, 9(2), 783-796. http://revistaumanizales.cinde.org.co/rlcsnj/index.php/Revista-Latinoamericana/article/view/473/265

von Eye, A. y Bogat A. G. (2006). Person-oriented and variable-oriented research: Concepts, results, and development. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 52(3), 390-420. https://doi.org/10.1353/mpq.2006.0032

Publicado

2021-06-15

Como Citar

Heterogeneidade no envolvimento do bullying escolar: Uma análise das classes latentes (C. Mellado & P. Mendez-Bustos , Trads.). (2021). Revista Electrónica Educare, 25(3), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.15359/ree.25-3.4

Edição

Seção

Artigos (Seção avaliada por pares)

Como Citar

Heterogeneidade no envolvimento do bullying escolar: Uma análise das classes latentes (C. Mellado & P. Mendez-Bustos , Trads.). (2021). Revista Electrónica Educare, 25(3), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.15359/ree.25-3.4

Comentarios (ver términos de uso)