Violence and insecurity in urban space: an analytical approach based on the ecological framework for violence.

Autores

  • Natalia García-Cervantes PhD Development Policy Management, by the Univeristy of Manchester, United Kingdom, Postdoctoral by Universidad de Guanajuato Fellow, México https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9909-1496

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15359/rgac.66-1.2

Palavras-chave:

insecurity, planning, urban space, ecological framework, urban violence

Resumo

Violence and insecurity have become pervasive in urban areas, particularly in Latin America, where this phenomenon represents an obstacle to development.  Seeking to contribute to a more nuanced understanding of urban violence and insecurity, this article presents an analytical framework to organize and understand the different levels of risk factors interacting for the appearance of violence in urban areas.  Based on the case study of Culiacán, Sinaloa (Mexico), the article presents an analysis of the interrelated nature of violence, different manifestations and risk factors leading to its proliferation, with a focus on urban space.  Although the causality of violence is difficult to pinpoint, this framework allows not only to consider violence in a more structured way, but also to appraise the relationships between these phenomena at different levels of risk factors.

Biografia do Autor

Natalia García-Cervantes, PhD Development Policy Management, by the Univeristy of Manchester, United Kingdom, Postdoctoral by Universidad de Guanajuato Fellow

PhD Development Policy Management, by the Univeristy of Manchester, United Kingdom, Postdoctoral by Universidad de Guanajuato: División de Arquitectura, Arte y Diseño, Av Juarez No. 77, Zona Centro, Guanajuato, México. Email: natgcervantes@gmail.com.  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9909-1496

Referências

Arias, E, Goldstein, D, (2010). Violent democracies in Latin America. Duke University Press, Durham [NC].

Auyero, J, de Lara, A, (2012). In harm’s way at the urban margins. Ethnography 13, pp. 531–557. https://doi.org/10.1177/1466138111435746

Azaola, E, (2012). La violencia de hoy, las violencias de siempre. REDALYC, Desacatos, Revista de Antropologia Social, pp. 13–32.

Bayón, M. C., Saraví, G, (2013). The Cultural Dimensions of Urban Fragmentation Segregation, Sociability, and Inequality in Mexico City. Latin American Perspectives 40, pp. 35–52. https://doi.org/10.1177/0094582X12468865

Briceño-León, R, Villaveces, A, Concha-Eastman, A, (2008). Understanding the uneven distribution of the incidence of homicide in Latin America. International journal of epidemiology 37, pp. 751–757. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyn153

Bronfenbrenner, U. (1977). Toward an experimental ecology of human development. American Psychologist 32, pp. 513–531. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.32.7.513

Buvinic, M, Morrison, A, (1999). Violence as an Obstacle to Development (Technical Notes). Inter-American Development Bank.

Buvinic, M., Morrison, A., and Shifter, M. (1999). Violence in Latin America and the Caribbean: A Framework for Action. Inter-American Development Bank.

Cabañas, M. (2014). Imagined Narcoscapes: Narcoculture and the Politics of Representation. Latin American Perspectives 41, pp. 3–17. https://doi.org/10.1177/0094582X13518760

Caldeira, T. (1996). Fortcified Enclaves: The New Urban Segregation. Public Culture 8, 303–328. https://doi.org/10.1215/08992363-8-2-303

Calderon, R. (2018). "Violence and social exclusion in urban contexts in Central America" in `Social Theories of Urban Violence in the Global South Towards Safe and Inclusive Cities´, Edited by Jennifer Erin Salahub, Markus Gottsbacher and John de Boer, Routledge, Oxon, pp. 99-121.

Colombijn, F. (2016). The Production of Urban Space by Violence and its Aftermath in Jakarta and Kota Ambon, Indonesia. Ethnos 0, pp. 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/00141844.2016.1138983

Concha-Eastman, A. (2002). Urban violence in Latin America and the Caribbean. Dimensions, Explanations, Actions, in: Rotker, S. (Ed.), Citizens of Fear. Rutgers University Press, New Jersey and London, p. 265.

DIF Culiacan, (2013). Home Page [WWW Document]. http://dif.culiacan.gob.mx/. URL http://dif.culiacan.gob.mx/

Esquivel, G. (2011). The Dynamics of Income Inequality in Mexico since NAFTA. Economía 12, pp. 155–179. https://doi.org/10.1353/eco.2011.0009

Ferguson, K. Mindel, C. (2007). Modeling Fear of Crime in Dallas Neighborhoods: A Test of Social Capital Theory. Crime and Delinquency 53, pp. 322–349. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128705285039

Garcia, N. (2019). Using Participatory Visual Methods in the Study of Violence Perceptions and Urban Space in Mexico. International Journal of Conflict and Violence, 13, pp. 1-15.doi: 10.4119/ijcv-3163

Garcia, N. 2018. The everyday effects of urban planning: exploring perceptions of violence, insecurity and urban space in two mexican cities. PhD Thesis, Global Development Institute, University of Manchester

Galtung, J, (1990). Cultural Violence. Journal of Peace Research 27, pp. 291–305. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343390027003005

Galtung, J, (1969). Violence, Peace, and Peace Research. Journal of Peace Research 6, pp. 167–191.

Glebbeek, ML, Koonings, K, (2016). Between Morro and Asfalto. Violence, insecurity and socio-spatial segregation in Latin American cities. Habitat International, Special Issue: Urban Segregation in Latin America 54, Part 1, pp. 3–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2015.08.012

Gold, R, (1970). Urban Violence and Contemporary Defensive Cities. Journal of the American Institute of Planners 36, pp. 146–159. https://doi.org/10.1080/01944367008977301

Grillo, I, (2013). El Narco: The Bloody Rise of Mexican Drug Cartels. Bloomsbury Paperbacks, London.

Hagan, F, (2012). Introduction to Criminology: Theories, Methods, and Criminal Behavior, Eighth Edition edition. ed. SAGE Publications, Inc, Los Angeles.

Howard, D, Hume, M, Oslender, U, (2007). Violence, fear, and development in Latin America: a critical overview. Development in Practice 17, pp. 713–724. https://doi.org/10.1080/09614520701628071

Imbusch, P, Misse, M, Carrión, F, (2011). Violence Research in Latin America and the Caribbean: A Literature Review. International Journal of Conflict and Violence 5, pp. 87–154.

IMPLAN Culiacan, (2010). Mapa interactivo.

Jütersonke, O, Muggah, R, Rodgers, D, (2009). Gangs, Urban Violence, and Security Interventions in Central America. Security Dialogue 40, pp. 373–397. https://doi.org/10.1177/0967010609343298

Kemp, S, (2015). Ecological Framework [WWW Document]. Oxford Bibliographies. URL http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195389678/obo-9780195389678-0095.xml (accessed 11.7.15).

Latinobarometro, (2010). Database. Santiago.

Lutters, W, Ackerman, M, (1996). An introduction to the Chicago School of Sociology. Interval Research Proprietary.

Massey, D., (2005). For Space, 1st edition. ed. SAGE Publications Ltd, London.

McIlwaine, C, Moser, C, (2007). Living in Fear: How the Urban Poor Perceive Violence, Fear and Insecurity, in: Fractured Cities. Social Exclusion, Urban Violence and Contested Spaces in Latin America. Zed Books Ltd, New York, pp. 117–138.

Merton, R, (1938). Social Structure and Anomie. American Sociological Review 3, p. 672. https://doi.org/10.2307/2084686

Meth, P, Malaza, K, (2010). Violent research: the ethics and emotions of doing research with women in South Africa. Ethics, Place & Environment 6, pp. 143–159. https://doi.org/10.1080/1366879032000130786

Mexico Evalua, (2015). Prevencion del delito en Mexico: ¿Cuáles son las prioridades? México Evalúa, Centro de Análisis de Políticas Públicas, Mexico, D.F.

Morenoff, J, Sampson, R, Raudenbush, S, (2001). Neighborhood Inequality, Collective Efficacy, and the Spatial Dynamics of Urban Violence*. Criminology 39, pp. 517–558. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2001.tb00932.x

Morrison, D., (1971). Some Notes Toward Theory on Relative Deprivation, Social Movements, and Social Change. American Behavioral Scientist.

Moser, C., (2004). Urban Violence and Insecurity: An Introductory Roadmap. Environment and Urbanization 16, pp. 3–16. https://doi.org/10.1177/095624780401600220

Moser, C, Horn, P, (2011). Understanding the tipping point of urban conflict: violence, cities and poverty reduction in the developing world. Global Urban Research Centre, University of Manchester, Understanding the tipping point of urban conflict: violence, cities and pove rty reduction in the developing world Working Paper #1.

Moser, C, McIlwaine, C, (2006). Latin American Urban Violence as a Development Concern: Towards a Framework for Violence Reduction. World Development 34, pp. 89–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2005.07.012

Muggah, R, (2014). Deconstructing the fragile city: exploring insecurity, violence and resilience. Environment and Urbanization 26, pp. 345–358. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956247814533627

Muggah, R, (2012). Researching the urban dilemma: Urbanization, poverty and violence. International Development Research Centre, IDRC, Canada.

Noroeste Redaccion, (2010). Fallece estrangulada y a golpes una mujer. Noroeste Culiacan.

OECD, (2016). States of Fragility 2016: Understanding violence. OECD Publishing, Paris.

Pansters, W, Castillo-Berthier, H, (2007). Mexico City, in: Koonings, K., Kuijt, D. (Eds.), Fractured Cities: Social Exclusion, Urban Violence and Contested Spaces in Latin America. Zed Books, London, pp. 36–57.

Pavoni, A, and Tulumello, S. (2018). What is urban violence? Progress in Human Geography. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132518810432

Pedrazzini, Y, Vincent-Geslin, S, Thorer, A, (2014). Violence of Urbanization, Poor Neighbourhoods and Large-Scale Projects: Lessons from Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Built Environment 40, pp. 394–407. https://doi.org/10.2148/benv.40.3.394

Rodgers, D, (2010). Urban violence is not (necessarily) a way of life: towards a political economy of conflict in cities, in: Beall, J., Guha-Khasnobis, B., Kanbur, R. (Eds.), Urbanization and Development: Multidisciplinary Perspectives. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.

Rodgers, D, (2004). “Disembedding” the city: crime, insecurity and spatial organization in Managua, Nicaragua. Environment and Urbanization 16, pp. 113–124. https://doi.org/10.1177/095624780401600202

Rodgers, D, O’Neill, B, (2012). Infrastructural violence: Introduction to the special issue. Ethnography 13, pp. 401–412. https://doi.org/10.1177/1466138111435738

Rotker, S, Goldman, K, (2002). Citizens of Fear: Urban Violence in Latin America. Rutgers University Press.

Sabatini, F, (2006). The Social Spatial Segregation in the Cities of Latin America (Discussion Papers & Presentations). Inter-American Development Bank.

Sanchez, M, (2006). Insecurity and Violence as a New Power Relation in Latin America. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 606, pp. 178–195.

Scheper-Hughes, N, Bourgois, P. (Eds.), (2003). Violence in War and Peace: An Anthology, 1 edition. Ed. Wiley-Blackwell, Malden, Mass.

Schneider, R, Kitchen, T, (2007). Crime prevention and the built environment. Routledge, London; New York.

SEGOB, SESNSP, 2013. Incidencia Delictiva del Fuero Común (2013). Secretaria de Gobernacion. Secretariado Ejecutivo del Sistema Nacional de Seguridad Publica, Mexico.

SEGOB, SESNSP, (2010). Incidencia Delictiva del Fuero Común 2010. Secretaria de Gobernación. Secretariado Ejecutivo del Sistema Nacional de Seguridad Publica, Mexico.

Seguridad, Justicia y Paz, (2016). La violencia en los municipios de Mexico (2015). Consejo Ciudadano para la Seguridad Publica y Justicia Penal, Mexico, D.F.

Shaw, M., (2009). Conceptual and theoretical frameworks for organised violence. International Journal of Conflict and Violence 3, pp. 97–106.

Springer, S., Le Billon, P., (2016). Violence and space: An introduction to the geographies of violence. Political Geography, SI: Violence and Space 52, pp. 1–3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2016.03.003

Springer, S, (2015). Violent Orientalism: Imagining the “Savage Other,” in: Springer, S. (Ed.), Violent Neoliberalism: Development, Discourse, and Dispossession in Cambodia. Palgrave Macmillan US, New York, pp. 61–80. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137485335_4

Tulumello, S, (2015). From “Spaces of Fear” to “Fearscapes”: Mapping for Reframing Theories About the Spatialization of Fear in Urban Space. Space and Culture. https://doi.org/10.11771206331215579716

UNODC, (2013). Global study on homicide 2013. Trends, contexts, data., United Nations publication, Sales No. 14.IV.1. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Vienna.

Valdez Cárdenas, J, (2017). Malayerba: La vida bajo el narco, 2 edition. ed. Jus, Libreros y Editores.

Valdez Cárdenas, J, (2015). Huérfanos del narco: Los olvidados de la guerra del narcotráfico. Aguilar.

Valdez Cárdenas, J, (2007). Los morros del narco. Aguilar.

Walker, Iain, Pettigrew, Thomas, 1984. Relative deprivation theory: An overview and conceptual critique. British Journal of Social Psychology 23, pp. 301–310. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8309.1984.tb00645.x

Ward, P, (2009). Unpackaging residential segregation: the importance of scale and informal market processes. Investigaciones Geográficas, Boletín del Instituto de Geografía, UNAM, pp. 114–134.

Winton, A, (2005). Youth, gangs and violence: Analysing the social and spatial mobility of young people in Guatemala City. Children’s Geographies 3, pp. 167–184. https://doi.org/10.1080/14733280500161537

Winton, A, (2004). Urban violence: a guide to the literature. Environment and Urbanization 16, pp. 165–184. https://doi.org/10.1177/095624780401600208

World Bank, (2011). Violence in the City: Understanding and Supporting Community Responses to Urban Violence. World Bank, Social Development Department, Conflict and Crime and Violence Team.

World Health Organisation, (2016). The ecological framework [WWW Document]. Violence prevention approach. URL http://www.who.int/violenceprevention/approach/ecology/en/ (accessed 11.7.16).

Publicado

2021-01-01

Como Citar

García-Cervantes, N. (2021). Violence and insecurity in urban space: an analytical approach based on the ecological framework for violence. Revista Geográfica Da América Central, 1(66), 45-78. https://doi.org/10.15359/rgac.66-1.2

Edição

Seção

Teoria, Epistemologia, Metodologia (Avaliada por pares)

Como Citar

García-Cervantes, N. (2021). Violence and insecurity in urban space: an analytical approach based on the ecological framework for violence. Revista Geográfica Da América Central, 1(66), 45-78. https://doi.org/10.15359/rgac.66-1.2

Artigos mais lidos pelo mesmo(s) autor(es)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 > >>