Assessments of Anthropometric, Physiological and Fitness Indicators According to Sex and Age in Participants of a Swimming Program
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15359/mhs.17-2.2Keywords:
anthropometry, health, physical exercise, swimmingAbstract
This study aimed to assess anthropometric, physiological, and fitness variables related to health in 158 participants of a swimming program (89 men and 69 women), distributed in three age groups (18-29 years, 30-39 years, 40-48 years). The following protocols were used: 1) bioimpedance analysis to determine the body weight (BW), body mass index (BMI), and body fat percentage (BFP); 2) a measuring tape to measure waist circumference (WC); 3) an automatic sphygmomanometer to obtain systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure; 4) a Sit and Reach test was used to evaluate flexibility and the push-up test to evaluate muscular endurance. The results showed that BFP and (BMI) were the variables in which the highest number of people presented unhealthy values, according to international parameters. Significant differences (p<0.05) were found in SBP, DBP, WC, BFP, BMI, and muscle endurance according to sex and age. Significant correlations were found between physiological responses, physical fitness, and body composition. In conclusion, age and sex influence the results of the variables. Results were found that represent metabolic and cardiorespiratory risk factors.
References
American College of Sports Medicine (2014). ACSM Manual for Assessment of Health Related Fitness. (4th. Ed). Barcelona, España: Wolters Kluwer Health.
Ahmad, R., Raham, S., Zaman, F., & Jan, S. (2011). Percent body fat and its relationship with obesity and hypertension in adult Population of Mingora Swat. Gomal Journal of Medical Sciences, 9(11), 120-123. http://www.gjms.com.pk/ojs24/index.php/gjms/article/viewFile/353/305
Arteagal, A., Bustos, P., Soto, R., Velasco, N., & Amigo, H. (2010). Physical activity and its association with cardiovascular risk factors. A study in young adults. Revista Médica de Chile, 138, 1209-1216. http://www.scielo.cl/pdf/rmc/v138n10/art%2001.pdf
Beaney, T., Schutte, A. E., Tomaszewski, M., Ariti, C., Burrell, L. M., Castillo, R. R., ... & Nilsson, P. M. (2018). May Measurement Month 2017: an analysis of blood pressure screening results worldwide. The Lancet Global Health, 6(7), e736-e743. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30259-6
Benavent, J., Tella, V., González-Millan, I., & Colado, J. C. (2008). Comparação de diferentes testes de campo para a avaliação da flexibiliade geral ativa. Fitness & Performance Journal, 7(1), 26-29. https://doi.org/10.3900/fpj.7.1.26.p
Campos-Nonato, I., Hernández-Barrera, L., Rojas-Martínez, R., Pedroza, A., Medina-García, C., & Barquera-Cenera, S. (2013). High blood pressure: prevalence, timely diagnosis, control and trends in Mexican adults. Salud Publica Mexicana, 55(supl2), 144-150. PMID:24626690
Castillo, Y., Cháves, R., Fernández, J., Alfonzo, J. M., & Alfonzo, P. (2011). Incidence and prevalence of arterial hypertension recorded in the world day of hypertension 2011. Experience of a working group. Revista Cubana de Medicina, 51(1), 25-34. http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0034-75232012000100004
Cartes-Velásquez, R. & Navarrete-Briones, C. (2012). Anthropometric characterization of adult pehuenche population, nutritional considerations. Alto Biobio, Chile. Mem. Inst. Investig. Cienc. Salud, 10(2), 30-37. http://scielo.iics.una.py/pdf/iics/v10n2/v10n2a04.pdf
Corvos-Hidalgo & Corvos-Hidalgo (2013). Anthropometric parameters as indicators of health risk in university students. Nutrición Clínica y Dietética Hospitalaria, 33(2), 39-45. https://doi.org/10.12873/3323945
Cossio-Bolaños, A., Arruda, M., Moyano, A., Gañán, E., Pino, L., & Lancho, A. (2011). Body composition of university students in relation to health. Nutrición Clínica y Dietética Hospitalaria, 31(3), 15-21. https://revista.nutricion.org/PDF/Composicion-corporalCossio.pdf
Chuang, H. H., Li, W, C., Sheu, B, F., Liao, S, C., Chen, J. Y., Chang, K. C., & Tsai, Y. W. (2012). Correlation between body composition and risk factors for cardiovascular disease and metabolic syndrome. Research Communication, 38(8), 284-291. https://doi.org/10.1002/biof.1027
Christofaro, D. G. D., Ritti-Dias, R. M.; Fernandes, R. A.; Polito, M. D.; de Andrade, S. M.; Cardoso, J. R.; & Ramos de Oliveira. A. (2011). Detecção de hipertensão arterial em adolescentes através de marcadores gerais e adiposidade abdominal. Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, 96(6), 465-470. http://www.scielo.br/pdf/abc/v96n6/aop04411_port.pdf
Delgado, O., Martín, M. A., Zurita, F., Antequera, J. J., & Fernández, M. (2009). Evolution of flexor ability according to sex and level of education. Apunts Medicine de L´Esport, 161, 10-17. http://www.apunts.org/es/evolutividad-capacidad-flexora-segun-el/articulo/13135385/
Dunsky, A., Zach, S., Zeev, A., Goldbourt, U., Shimony, T., Goldsmith, R., & Netz, Y. (2014). Level of physical activity and anthropometric characteristics in old age—results from a national health survey. European Review of Aging and Physical Activity, 11(2), 149-157. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11556-014-0139-y
Esco, M. R., Olson, M. S., & Williford, H. (2008). Relationship of push-ups and sit-ups tests to selected anthropometric variables and performance results: A multiple regression study. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 22(6), 1862–1868. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e318181fd03
Espinoza-Navarro, O., Brito-Hernández, L., & Lagos-Olivos, C. (2020). Composición corporal y factores de riesgo metabólico en profesores de enseñanza básica de colegios de Chile. International Journal of Morphology, 38(1), 120-125. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0717-95022020000100120
Fedewa, M. V., Nickerson, B. S., & Esco, M. R. (2019). Associations of body adiposity index, waist circumference, and body mass index in young adults. Clinical Nutrition, 38(2), 715-720. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2018.03.014
García, P. T. & Aznar, L. A. (2011). Pilates method: changes in body composition and spinal flexibility in healthy adults. Apunts Medicine de L´Esport, 46(169), 17-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apunts.2010.07.001
García-Soidán, J. L. & Alonso-Fernandez, D. (2011). Valuation of healthful physical condition in university students of Galicia. Revista Internacional de Medicina y Ciencias de la Actividad Física y el Deporte, 11(44), 781-790. http://cdeporte.rediris.es/revista/revista44/artvaloracion247.htm
Gasparotto G. S., Silva M. P., Bozza R., Stabelini Neto A., Campos W, Bonfim A. L., & Costa A. (2009). Atividade física e indicadores antropométricos relacionados com a hipertensão arterial em mulheres. Fitness and Performance Journal, 8(5), 322-328. doi:10.3900/fpj.8.5.322.p
Liu, P., Ma, F., Lou, H., & Liu, Y. (2013). The utility of fat mass index vs body mass index and percentage of body fat in the screening of metabolic syndrome. BMC Public Health, 13(629), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-629
Michelotto, M., Martins, R., Machado, E., Santos, E. & Carvalho, T. (2010). List of anthropometric indicators with risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, 94(4). http://www.scielo.br/pdf/abc/v94n4/es_aop00610
Mollinedo, F. E., Trejo, P. M., Araujo, R., & Lugo, l. G (2013). Body mass index, level and reasons to do physical activity in university students. Educación Médica Superior, 27(3),189-199. http://scielo.sld.cu/pdf/ems/v27n3/ems04313.pdf
Padilla, J. (2014). Relationship of body mass index and body fat percentage in young venezolanos. Revista Iberoamericana de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y el Deporte, 3(1), 27-33. https://riuma.uma.es/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10630/7547/IMCPadilla.pdf?sequence=1
Piernas, C., Hernández-Morante, J. J., Canteras, M., Zamora, S., & Garaulet, M. (2008). New computed tomography-derived indices to predict cardiovascular and insulin-resistance risks in overweight/obese patients. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 63, 887-897. https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2008.47
Ramos, S., Alzate, D., Ayala, J., Franco, A. M., & Sánchez, J. A. (2009). Fitness profile of Universidad de Caldas students. Revista Hacia la Promoción de Salud, 14(1), 23-34. http://www.scielo.org.co/pdf/hpsal/v14n1/v14n1a02.pdf
Ranasinghe, C., Gamage, P., Katulanda, P., Andraweera, N., Thilakarathn, S., & Tharanga, P. (2013). Relationship between Body mass index (BMI) and body fat percentage, estimated by bioelectrical impedance, in a group of Sri Lankan adults: a cross sectional study. BMC Public Health, 13 (797), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-797
Restrepo, C., Agudelo, J. C., Conde, L. E., & Pradilla, A. (2012). Blood pressure by age, gender, height, and socioeconomic level in school populations in Cali, Colombia. Colombia Medica, 43(1), 63-72. http://www.bioline.org.br/pdf?rc12008
Rivera-Cabezas, G. & Ureña-Bonilla, P. (2014). Indicadores antropométricos en un centro de acondicionamiento físico urbano de la provincia de Heredia. Revista MHSalud, 11(1), 1-12. http://dx.doi.org/10.15359/mhs.11-1.1
Rivera, G., Ureña, P., Fernández, G., Quesada, T., Gómez, D. (2017). Evaluación antropométrica-fisiológica de trabajadores de la Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica: un análisis comparativo regional (pág. 132). En Roma Ferri, M. Teresa; Arroyo, Hiram V.; Aguilo Pons, Antoni (coord.). Actas del Congreso Iberoamericano de Universidades Promotoras de la Salud (CIUPS 2017): Promoción de la Salud y Universidad. Construyendo Entornos Sociales y Educativos Saludables, Universidad de Alicante (España). http://hdl.handle.net/10045/67141
Rodríguez-Montero, A., Ureña-Bonilla, P., Blanco-Romero, L., Sánchez-Ureña, B., & Salas-Cabrera, J. (2014). Anthropometricó and physical fitness indicators related to Costa Rican employee´s health. Revista Costarricense de Salud Pública, 23(1) 25- 31. http://www.scielo.sa.cr/pdf/rcsp/v23n1/art05v23n1.pdf
Rojas-Valverde, D., Arce-Varela, E., Suárez-Orozco, Y., Moya-Castro, D., Barrantes-Segura, M., Cambronero-Steller, F., & Molina-DeBernardi, M. (2016). Gender differences in the physical aptitude of adults who attend to a recreation center of Costa Rica. Revista Movimiento Científico, 10(1), 39-53. https://revistas.iberoamericana.edu.co/index.php/Rmcientifico/article/download/1135/882
Sandberg, K. & Ji, H. (2012). Sex differences in primary hypertension. Biology of Sex Differences 3(7), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1186/2042-6410-3-7
Santos, D., Petroski, E., & Peres, M. (2012). Is high body fat estimated by body mass index and waist circumference a predictor of hypertension in adults? A population-based study. Nutrition Journal, 11, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2891-11-112
Secchi, J. & García, G. (2013). Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Cardiometabolic Risk in Young Adults. Revista Española de Salud Pública, 87(1), 35-48. http://scielo.isciii.es/pdf/resp/v87n1/05_original3.pdf
Silva-Batista, C., Urso, R. P., Silva, A. E. L., & Bertuzzi, R. (2013). Associations between fitness tests and the International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short form in healthy men. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 27(12), 3481-3487. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e31828f1efa
Suazo-Fernández, R., & Valdivia Fernández-Dávila, F. (2017, April). Actividad física, condición física y factores de riesgo cardio-metabólicos en adultos jóvenes de 18 a 29 años. Anales de la Facultad de Medicina, 78(2), 145-149. http://dx.doi.org/10.15381/anales.v78i2.13188
Škrkar, S., Mikalack, M., Cokorilo, N., & Eric, M. (2015). Analysis of differences in blood pressure of women belonging to different age groups. Med Pregl LXVIII (3-4), 93-97. https://doi.org/10.2298/MPNS1504093S
Tejero, M. E. (2010). Cardiovascular disease in Latin American women. Nutrition, Metabolism & Cardiovascular Diseases 20, 405-411. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2010.02.005
Vaquero, R., Alacid, F., Ros, F., Muyor, J. M. & López, P. A. (2014). Morphological Characteristics and Anthropometric Profile of Women who Practice Reformer Pilates and Traditional Mat Pilates. International Journal of Morphology, 32(2), 695-702.: http://www.scielo.cl/pdf/ijmorphol/v32n2/art52.pdf
Vaquero, R., González, I., Ros, E. & Alacid, F. (2012). Evolution of strength, flexibility, balance, endurance and agility of active older women in relation to age. Motricidad. European Journal of Human Movement, 29, 29-47. http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=274224827003
Vaara, J. P., Kyröläinen, H., Niemi, J., Ohrankämmen, O., Häkkinen, A., Kocay, S., & Häkkinen, K. (2012). Associations of maximal strength and muscular endurance test scores with cardiorespiratory fitness and body composition. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 26(8), 2078-2086. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e31823b06ff
Urrea, J. K. (2018). Hipertensión arterial en la mujer. Revista Colombiana de Cardiología, 25, 13-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rccar.2017.12.003
Wang, Y., Howard, A. G., Adair, L. S., Wang, H., Avery, C. L., & Gordon‐Larsen, P. (2020). Waist circumference change is associated with blood pressure change independent of BMI change. Obesity, 28(1), 146-153. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.22638
Zaragoza, J., Serrano, E., & Generelo, E. (2004). Dimensions of the heatlhy physical fitness: Evolution for age and gender. Revista Internacional de Medicina y Ciencias de la Actividad Física y el Deporte, 4(15), 204-221. http://cdeporte.rediris.es/revista/revista15/artdimensiones.htm
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
General conditions
MHSalud: Journal in Human Movement Sciences and Health by the Universidad Nacional is cover under a Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 3.0 Costa Rica license.
The journal is hosted in open access repositories such as the Institutional Repository of the Universidad Nacional, the Kimuk Repository of Costa Rica and La Referencia.
The editorial source of the journal must be recognized. Use the doi identifier for this purpose.
Self-archiving policy: The journal allows the self-archiving of the articles in their peer-reviewed version, edited and approved by the Editorial Board of the Journal to be available in Open Access through the Internet. More information in the following link: https://v2.sherpa.ac.uk/id/publication/25815
