Impacto de ejercicios bilaterales y unilaterales en la potenciación aguda del salto horizontal en futbolistas profesionales
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15359/21.1.17521Palabras clave:
Ejercicio, ejercicio de calentamiento, fútbol, rendimiento atléticoResumen
Objetivo: Analizar el efecto de una activación realizada a través de ejercicios de fuerza y pliometría ejecutados de forma bilateral o unilateral sobre el rendimiento en salto horizontal. Metodología: En el estudio participaron 15 futbolistas masculinos, altamente entrenados (edad, 24.7 ± 3.1 años; altura, 181.2 ± 4.7 cm; peso, 79.7 ± 3.4 kg) pertenecientes al mismo equipo, que competía en liga nacional. Su rutina de entrenamiento regular constaba de 4 sesiones y 1 partido competitivo por semana. Los participantes llevaron a cabo 1 protocolo control (CON) y 3 protocolos de activación, siguiendo un diseño contrabalanceado, basados en ejercicios específicos de fútbol (SIN), ejercicios de fuerza y pliometría ejecutados de forma bilateral (BIL) y unilateral (UNI). Después de cada protocolo los jugadores realizaron la prueba de salto horizontal (HZB). Resultados: Los resultados de la prueba ANOVA de medidas repetidas mostraron efectos positivos significativos sobre el HZB de los protocolos SIN (p<0.01; dif = 2.95(2.00)%), BIL (p<0.01; dif = 3.22(2.61) %); y UNI (p<0.01; dif = 6.80(3.40) %) con respecto a CON. Además, HZB fue, significativamente, mayor después del protocolo UNI que del SIN (p<0.01; dif = 3.74(2.62) %) y BIL (p<0.01; dif = 3.47(1.94) %). El análisis de la respuesta individual reflejó efectos positivos en HZB de los protocolos SIN, BIL y UNI respecto al CON, mientras que el 89 % de los jugadores tuvieron mejor rendimiento en HZB después de UNI que de BIL. Conclusiones: Una activación que incorpora estímulos de fuerza y pliometría ejecutados, de forma unilateral, tiene un efecto positivo mayor sobre la capacidad de salto horizontal, que una activación que involucra ejercicios generales, específicos de fútbol y de ejecución bilateral.
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