Efecto de las botas de bombero y las plantillas viscoelásticas sobre la fuerza de impacto de la componente vertical de la fuerza de reacción del suelo
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15359/mhs.8-2.1Palabras clave:
Amortiguación, plantillas, biomecánicaResumen
Objetivos: determinar el efecto de las botas de bombero sobre la componente vertical de la fuerza de reacción del suelo (FRS), en el contacto inicial del talón en el suelo o también denominada fuerza de impacto, así como analizar el efecto de las plantillas viscoelásticas implantadas en las botas de bombero sobre esta fuerza durante la marcha. Metodología: Se registró la magnitud de la fuerza de impacto (FZI) de la componente vertical de la FRS, el tiempo hasta la producción de esta fuerza (TZI) y su gradiente de carga (GC); 39 bomberos sin ningún tipo de patología durante los dos años previos a la toma de registros formaron parte del estudio. Se comparó la marcha en tres condiciones diferentes de calzado: 1) la marcha con botas de bombero, 2) la marcha con botas de bombero a las cuales se les había implantado unas plantillas viscoelásticas y 3) la marcha con calzado deportivo.Resultados: mostraron una mayor producción, así como una mayor magnitud de la fuerza de impacto con botas de bombero respecto a la marcha con calzado deportivo (13,1 vs. 2,6 % de producción de la fuerza de impacto y 61,39 ± 35,18% PC (peso corporal) vs. 49,38 ± 22,99% PC, respectivamente). La marcha con plantillas viscoelásticas implantadas en las botas de bombero no mostró diferencias significativas en ningún parámetro que caracteriza la fuerza de impacto respecto a la marcha sin plantillas. Conclusiones: los resultados de este estudio muestran por un lado, una menor amortiguación de la fuerza de impacto con las botas de bombero en comparación con la marcha con calzado deportivo y por otro, la ineficacia de las plantillas viscoelásticas implantadas en las botas de bombero para la mejora de la amortiguación de la fuerza de impacto durante la marcha a velocidad espontánea.
Referencias
Aguinaldo, A., Litavish, M., & Morales, A. (2002). Comparison of transient force attenuation between three types of heel cushions used in athletic footwear. Gait & Posture, 16(s1), 100-101.
Bates, B. T. (1984, September 17-19). Proceedings of the 37th Annual Conference on Engineering in Medicine and Biology. Paper presented at the Overview: The evaluaton and effetcs of heel strike, Los Ángeles, California.
Bennett, M. B., & Ker, R. F. (1990). The mechanical properties of the human subcalcaneal fat pad in compression. Journal of Anatomy, 171(3), 131-138.
Carmichael, & Whittle, M. W. (1999). Gender differences in the heelstrike transient. Gait & Posture, (9), 144-145.
Cavanagh, P. R., Williams, K. R., & Clark, T. E. (1979). A comparison of ground reaction forces during walking barefoot and in shoes. In A. Morecki, K. Fidelus, K. Kedzior & A. Wit (Eds.), Biomechanics VII-B (pp. 151-156). Baltimore: University Park Press.
Chao, E. Y., Laughman, R. K., Schneider, E., & Stauffer, R. N. (1983). Normative data of knee joint motion and ground reaction forces in adult level walking. Journal of Biomechanics, 16(3), 219-233. https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9290(83)90129-X
Esenyel, M., Walden, G., Gitter, A., Walsh, N. E., & Karacan, I. (2004). Gait characteristics with and without shoes. Türkiye Fiziksel Tıp ve Rehabilitasyon Dergisi., 50(2), 33-37.
Evans, G. W. (1982). Stress fractures at Commando Trainning Centre Royal Marines, Lymspotine - A retrospective survey (september 1979 - october 1981). Journal of the Royal Naval Medical Service, 68, 77-81.
Folman, Y., Wosk, A., Voloshin, A., & Liberty, S. (1986). Cyclic impacts on heel strike: a possible biomechanical factor in the etiology of degenerative disease of the human locomotor system. Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, 104, 363-365. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00454431
Folman, Y., Wosk, J., Shabat, S., & Gepstein, R. (2004). Attenuation of spinal transients at heel strike using viscoelastic heel insoles: an in vivo study. Preventive Medicine, 39(2), 351-354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2004.01.030
Gill, H. S., & O´Connor, J. J. (2003a). Heelstrike and the pathomechanics of osteoarthrosis: a pilot gait study. Journal of Biomechanics, (36), 1625-1631. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9290(03)00189-1
Gill, H. S., & O´Connor, J. J. (2003b). Heelstrike and the pathomechanics of osteoarthrosis: a simulation study. Journal of Biomechechanics, (36), 1617-1624.
Goble, D. J., Marino, G. W., & Potvin, J. R. (2003). The Influence of Horizontal Velocity on Interlimb Symmetry in Normal Walking. Human Movement Science, 22, 271-283. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-9457(03)00047-2
Hettinga, B. A., Stefanyshin, D., Fairburn, J. C., & Worobets, J. T. (2005). The 7th Symposium on Footwear Biomechanics. Paper presented at the Biomechanical effects of hiking on a non-uniform surface, Cleveland.
Hreljac, A., & Marshall, R. N. (2000). Algorithms to determine event timing during normal walking using kinematic data. Journal of Biomechanics, 33, 783-786. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9290(00)00014-2
Hull, M. L., Brewer, R., & Hawkins, D. (1995). A New Force Plate Design Incorporating Octagonal Strain Rings. Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 11, 311-321. https://doi.org/10.1123/jab.11.3.311
IBV. (2004). NedAMH/IBV Análisis de la Marcha Humana Manual de usuario. Versión 2.1. Valencia: Instituto de Biomecánica de Valencia. ISO, ISO 20345:2004/Amd 1:2007 (ISO, 2007)
Jefferson, R. J., Collins, J. J., Whittle, M. W., Radin, E. L., & O´Connor, J. (1990). The role of the quadriceps in controlling impulsive forces around heel strike. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, 204, 21-28. https://doi.org/10.1243/PIME_PROC_1990_204_224_02
Jorgensen, U., & Bojsen-Moller, F. (1989). Shock absobency of factors in the shoe/heel interaction - with special focus on role of the heel pad. Foot & Ankle, 9(11), 294-299. https://doi.org/10.1177/107110078900900607
Jorgensen, U., & Ekstrand, J. (1988). Significance of heel pad confinement for the shock absorption at heel strike. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 9, 468-473. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-1025053
Keller, T. S., Weisberger, A. M., Ray, J. L., Hasan, S. S., Shiavi, R. G., & Spengler, D. M. (1996). Relationship between vertical ground reaction force and speed during walking, slow jogging, and running. Clinical Biomechanics, 11, 253-259. https://doi.org/10.1016/0268-0033(95)00068-2
Lafortune, M. A., & Henning, E. M. (1992). Cushioning properties of footwear during walking: accelerometer and force platform measurements. Clinical Biomechanics, 7, 181-184. https://doi.org/10.1016/0268-0033(92)90034-2
Lafortune, M. A., Lake, M., & Hennig, E. M. (1996). Differential shock transmission response of the human body to impact severity and lower limb posture. Journal of Biomechanics, 29(12), 1531-1537. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9290(96)80004-2
Lake, M., & Robinson, M. (2005). The 7th Symposium on Footwear Biomechanics. Paper presented at the Biomechanics of walking in different shoes: a comparison between overground and treadmill testing protocols, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
Lequesne, M. G., Dang, N., & Lane, N. E. (1997). Sport practice and osteoarthritis of the limbs. Osteoarthritis Cartilage, 5(2), 75-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1063-4584(97)80001-5
Light, L. H. (1979). Potential implications of heel strike transients. Journal of Physiology, 292, 31-32.
Light, L. H., MacLellan, G. E., & Klenerman, L. (1980). Skeletal transients on heel strike in normal walking with different footwear. Journal of Biomechanics, 13, 477-480. https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9290(80)90340-1
Martin, P. E., & Marsh, A. P. (1992). Step length and frequency effects on ground reaction forces during walking. Technical note. Journal of Biomechanics, 25(10), 1237-1239. https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9290(92)90081-B
McCaw, S. T., Heil, M. E., & Hamill, J. (2000). The effect of comments about shoe construction on impact forces during walking. Medicine & Science of Sport & Exercise, 32(7), 1258-1164. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200007000-00012
Menz, H. B., Latt, M. D., Tiedemann, A., Mun San Kwan, M., & Lord, S. R. (2004). Reliability of the Gaitrite walkway system for the quantification of temporo-spatial parameters of gait in young and older people. Gait & Posture, 20, 20-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0966-6362(03)00068-7
Menz, H. B., Lord, S. R., & Fitzpatrick, R. C. (2003). Age-Related Differences in Walking Stability. Age and Ageing, 32(2), 137-142. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/32.2.137
Mercer, J. A., & Vance, J. (2002, May). Spring-boots can reduce impact in runners. Biomechanics
Milgrom, C., Giladi, M., Kashtan, H., Simkin, A., Chisin, R., & Marguiles, J. (1985). A prospective study of a shock absorbing arthrotic device on the incidence of stress fractures in military recruits. Foot and Ankle, 6, 101-104. https://doi.org/10.1177/107110078500600209
Mills, P. M., & Barrett, R. S. (2001). Swing Phase Mechanics of Healthy Young and Elderly Men. Human Movement Science, 20, 427-446. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-9457(01)00061-6
Murray, M. P., Kory, R. C., Clarkson, B. H., & Sepic, S. B. (1966). Comparison of free and fast speed walking patterns of normal men. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 45(1), 8-24. https://doi.org/10.1097/00002060-196602000-00002
Nigg, B., Cole, G., & Bruggemann, P. (1995). Impact forces during heel-toe running. Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 11, 407-432. https://doi.org/10.1123/jab.11.4.407
Oeffinger, D., Brauch, B., Cranfill, S., Hisle, C., Wynn, C., Hicks, R. (1999). Comparison of gait with and without shoes in children. Gait & Posture, 9, 95-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0966-6362(99)00005-3
Pardo Merino, A. y Ruiz Díaz, M. Á. (2002). SPSS 11. Guía para el análisis de datos. Madrid: Mc Graw Hill.
Payne, C., Zammitt, G., & Patience, D. (2005). 7th Symposium on Footwear Biomechanics. Paper presented at the Predictors of a Response to Windlass Mechanism Enhancing Running Shoes, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
Perry, J. (1992). Gait Analysis. Normal and Pathological Function. Yorba Linda, CA.: Slack incorporated.
Pollo, F. E., Gowling, T. L., & Jackson, R. W. (1999). Walking boot design: a gait analysis study. Orthopedics, 22(5), 503-507.
Pratt, D. J., Rees, P. H., & Rodgers, C. (1986). Assessment of some shock absorbing insoles (technical note). Prosthetics and Orthotics International, 10, 43-45.
Radin, E. L., Paul, I. L., & Rose, R. M. (1972). Role of mechanical factors in the pathogenesis of primary osteoarthritis. Lancet, 2, 519-522. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(72)90179-1
Sánchez Lacuesta, J. J., J.M., P. P., Hoyos Fuentes, J. V., Viosca Herreo, E., Soler Gracia, C. y Comín Clavijo, M. (1999). Biomecánica de la Marcha Humana y Patológica (1 ed.). Valencia: Instituto de Biomecánica de Valencia (IBV).
Sloss, R. (2002). The effects of foot orthoses on othe ground reaction forces during walking. Part 1. The Foot, 11, 205-214. https://doi.org/10.1054/foot.2001.0713
Steinbach, H. L., & Russel, W. (1964). Measurement of the heel pad as an aid to diagnosis of acromegaly. Radiology, 82, 418-423. https://doi.org/10.1148/82.3.418
Tilbury-Davis, D. C., & Hooper, R. H. (1999). The kinetic and kinematic effects of increasing load carriage upon the lower limb. Human Movement Science, 18, 693-700. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-9457(99)00026-3
Verdini, F., Leo, T., Fioretti, S., Benedetti, M. G., Catani, F., & Giannini, S. (2000). Analysis of ground reaction forces by means of wavelet transform. Clinical Biomechanics, 15, 607-610. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0268-0033(00)00019-X
Voloshin, A., & Wosk, A. (1982). An In Vivo Study of Low back Pain and Shock Absorption in the Human Locomotor System. Journal of Biomechanics, 15(1), 21-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9290(82)90031-8
Voloshin, A. S., & Wosk, A. (1981). Influence of artificial shock absorbers on human gait. Clinical Orthopaedics, 160, 52-56. https://doi.org/10.1097/00003086-198110000-00006
Vrezas, I., Elsner, G., Bolm-Audorff, U., Abolmaali, N., & Seidler, A. (2010). Case-control study of knee osteoarthritis and lifestyle factors considering their interaction with physical workload. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 83(3), 291-300. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-009-0486-6
Wakeling, J. M., Liphardt, A. M., & Nigg, B. M. (2003). Muscle activity reduces soft-tissue resonance at heel-strike during walking. Journal of Biomechanics, 36, 1761-1769. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9290(03)00216-1
Wakeling, J. M., Tscharner, V. V., Nigg, B. M., & Stergiou, P. (2001). Muscle activity in the leg is tuned is response to ground reaction forces. Journal of Applied Physiology, 91, 1307-1317.
Wang, C. L., Shau, Y. W., Hsu, T. C., Chen, H. C., & Chien, S. H. (1999). Mechanical properties of heel pads reconstructed with flaps. The Journal of Bone And Joint Surgery, 81 -B(2), 207-211. https://doi.org/10.1302/0301-620X.81B2.9056
Wearing, S. C., Urry, S. R., & Smeathers, J. E. (2000). The Effect of Visual Targeting on Ground Reaction Force and Temporospatial Parameters of Gait. Clinical Biomechanics, 15, 583-591. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0268-0033(00)00025-5
Whittle, M. W. (1997). Three-dimensional motion of the center of gravity of the body during walking. Human Movement Science, 16, 347-355. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-9457(96)00052-8
Whittle, M. W. (1999). Generation and attenuation of transient impulsive forces beneath the foot: a review. Gait & Posture, 10, 264-275. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0966-6362(99)00041-7
Windle, C. M., Gregory, S. M., & Dixon, S. J. (1999). The shock attenuation characteristics of four different insoles when worn in a military boot during running and marching. Gait & Posture, 9, 31-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0966-6362(99)00002-8
Publicado
Cómo citar
Número
Sección
Licencia
Condiciones generales
MHSalud: Revista en Ciencias del Movimiento Humano y Salud por Universidad Nacional se encuentra bajo una Licencia Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 3.0 Costa Rica.
La revista se aloja en repositorios de acceso abierto como el Repositorio Institucional de la Universidad Nacional, el Repositorio Kimuk de Costa Rica y la Referencia.
La fuente editorial de la revista debe reconocerse. Para ello utilice el identificador doi de la publicación.
Política de autoarchivo: La revista permite el auto archivo de los artículos en su versión arbitrada, editada y aprobada por el Consejo Editorial de la Revista para que sean disponibles en Acceso Abierto a través de Internet. Más información en el siguiente link: https://v2.sherpa.ac.uk/id/publication/25815
