La pandemia por COVID-19 y el cambiante panorama de las remesas en Haití

Autores/as

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15359/ri.95-2.6

Palabras clave:

Brasil, Chile, COVID-19, Haití, migración sur-sur, remesas

Resumen

En 2020, los análisis de instituciones multilaterales predijeron que la pandemia por COVID-19 obstaculizaría las transferencias de remesas a la región de América Latina y el Caribe, no obstante, se experimentaron aumentos constantes en 2020 y 2021. La economía de remesas de Haití ha mantenido, en gran medida, su vitalidad, ayudando a las familias a superar múltiples crisis. A partir de obtenidos datos en un estudio sobre el impacto de la COVID-19 en los hogares haitianos y datos de remesas del Banco Central de Haití, este artículo examina el panorama cambiante de las remesas de Haití, con especial atención a los nuevos flujos migratorios hacia América Latina que han surgido desde el terremoto de enero de 2010. Así, se toma en cuenta el aumento de la migración haitiana a Brasil y Chile, entre otros países, durante 2010 y 2020, es que nos preguntamos: ¿Qué papel han jugado las remesas provenientes de América del Sur en los hogares haitianos antes y durante la pandemia por COVID-19?

Biografía del autor/a

Toni Cela, Interuniversity Institute for Research and Development (INURED)

Coordinadora. Doctora en Desarrollo Educativo Internacional. 

Mario Fidálgo, Interuniversity Institute for Research and Development (INURED)

Analista de datos. 

Louis Herns Marcelin, Interuniversity Institute for Research and Development (INURED) and University of Miami

Profesor. Doctorado en Antropología Social. 

Referencias

Abdaladze N. (2020). Haitians make long continental transit in hope for a better future. Cronkite News, Special Reports, pp. 1. Retrieved from: https://cronkitenews.azpbs.org/2020/07/20/haitians-continental-transit/.

Abi-Habib, M. (2021). Haiti braces for unrest as a defiant President refuses to stepdown. New York Times, Americas, pp. 1. Retrieved from: https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/07/world/americas/haiti-protests-President-Jovenel-Mois.html.

Adams, R. H. & Cuecuecha, A. (2010). Remittances, household expenditure and investment in Guatemala. World Development, 38(11), 1626-1641.

Ambrosius, C., Fritz, B. & Stiegler, U. (2020). Remittances. In O. Kaltmeier, A. Tittor, D. Hawkins & E. Rohland (Ed.). The Routledge Handbook to the Political Economy and Governance of the Americas (1st ed., pp. 194-199). Oxfordshire, UK: Routledge.

Amuedo-Dorantes, C., Georges, A. & Pozo, S. (2010). Migration, Remittances, and Children’s Schooling in Haiti. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 630(1): 224–244. doi:10.1177/0002716210368112.

Audebert, C. (2017). The recent geodynamics of Haitian migration in the Americas: Refugees or economic migrants? Revista Brasileira de Estudos de Populacao. 34(1): 55-71.

Avocats sans Frontieres Canada (ASFC). (2019). Meeting the needs of victims of cholera in Haiti. Retrieved from: http://www.inured.org/uploads/2/5/2/6/25266591/cholera_study_summary_report_english.pdf.

Bhandari, P. (2016). Remittance received by households of Western Chitwan Valley, Nepal: Does migrant’s destination make a difference? Dhaulagiri Journal of Sociology and Anthropology, 10(1): 1–36. doi: 10.3126/dsaj.v10i0.15879.

Bragg, C., Gibson, G., King, H., Lefler, A. & Ntoubandi, F. (2017). Remittances as aid following major sudden-onset natural disasters. Disasters, 42(1): 3–18.doi: 10.1111/disa.12229.

Bredl, S. (2011). Migration, remittances, and educational outcomes: The case of Haiti, Discussion Paper, No. 44, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Zentrum für Internationale Entwicklungs- und Umweltforschung (ZEU).

Cardon-Sosa, L., Medina, C. (2006). Migration as a safety net and effects of remittances on household consumption: The case of Colombia, Borradores de Economia, n° 414, Bogotá: Banco de la Republica de Colombia.

Cela, T., Marcelin, L. H., Fleurantin, N. L. & Jean-Louis, S. (2022). Emergency health in the aftermath of disasters: A post-Hurricane Matthew outbreak in rural Haiti. Disaster Prevention and Mitigation.

Clemens, M. A. & Ogden, T. N. (2019). Migration and household finances: How a different framing can improve thinking about migration. Development Policy Review, 38(1): 3-27. doi: 10.1111/dpr.12471.

Clément, M. (2011). Remittances and household expenditure patterns in Tajikistan: A propensity score matching analysis. Asia Development Review, 28(2): 58–87. doi: 10.2139/ssrn.2001145.

Edwidge, D. (2021). The assassination of Haiti’s president. The New Yorker, News Desk, pp. 1. Retrieved from: https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/the-assassination-of-haitis-president.

Dias, G., Jarochinski-Silva, J. & da Silva, S. A. (2020). Travellers of the Caribbean: Positioning Brasília in Haitian migration routes through Latin America. Vibrant, 17(1): 1-19.

Faist, T. & Fauser, M. (2011). The migration–development nexus: Toward a transnational perspective. In Faist T., Fauser M., Kivisto P. (Ed.). The migration development nexus. Migration, diasporas, and citizenship Series. London, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.

Fouron, G. E. (2020). Haiti’s painful evolution from promised land to migrant-sending nation. Migration Policy Institute, Migration Information

Source, pp. 1. Retrieved from: https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/haiti-painful-evolution-promised-land-migrant-sending-nation.

Freier, L. F. (2020). COVID-19 and rethinking the need for legal pathways to mobility: Taking human security seriously. International Organization for Migration Bookstore. Retrieved from https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/rethinking-the-need-for-legal.pdf.

Gallas, D., Palumba, D. (2019). What’s gone wrong with Brazil’s economy? BBC, Business, pp. 1. Retrieved from: https://www.bbc.com/news/business-48386415.

Gallo, E. (2013). Migrants and their money are not all the same: Migration, remittances and family morality in rural South India. Migration Letters, 10(1): 33-46.

Guzman, J. C., Morrison, A. R. & Sjöblom, M. (2008). The impact of remittances and gender on household expenditure patterns: evidence from Ghana. In A. Morrisson (Ed.). The International Migration of Women (1st ed., pp 125-152). Hampshire, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.

Handerson, J. (2017). A historicidade da (e)migração internacional Haitiana. In B. Feldman-Bianco, L. Cavalcanti, L. Araujo & E. Brasil (1st ed.). PERIPLOS: Revista Investigación sobre Migraciones: Buenos Aires: 7-26.

International Organization for Migration (IOM). (2020). Contributions and Counting: Guidance on Measuring the Economic Impact of your Diaspora beyond Remittances. Geneva, CH: IOM Press.

Interuniversity Institute for Research and Development (INURED). (2020a). The Impact of COVID-19 on families in urban and rural Haiti (1st ed.). Port-auPrince, Haiti: INURED.

Interuniversity Institute for Research and Development (INURED). (2020b). PostEarthquake migration to Latin America: Working Paper. (1st ed.). Port-auPrince, Haiti: INURED.

Jadotte, E. (2009). International migration, remittances and labour supply: The case of the Republic of Haiti, WIDER Research Paper, No. 2009/28. Helsinki, Finland: The United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research (UNU-WIDER). Jahjah, S., Chami, R., & Fullenkamp, C. (2003). Are immigrant remittance flows a source for capital development? IMF Working Paper. Washington. D.C.: International Monetary Fund.

Justesen, M., & Verner, D. (2007). Factors Impacting Youth Development in Haiti. Policy Research Working Papers. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. doi: 10.1596/1813-9450-4110.

Kahn, C. (2021). On Mexico’s southern border, the latest migration surge is Haitian.NPR, News, pp. 1. Retrieved from: https://www.npr.org/2021/12/18/1065135970/on-mexicos-southern-border-the-latest-migration-surge-is-haitian.

Kakhkharov, J., Ahunov, M. & Parpiev, Z. (2020). South-South Migration: Remittances of labour migrants and household expenditures in Uzbekistan. International Migration, 59(5): 38-58. doi: d10.1111/imig.12792.

Kefale, A. & Mohammed, Z. (2018). Migration, remittances and household socioeconomic well-being: The case of Ethiopian labour migrants to the Republic of South Africa and the Middle East. Addis Ababa, ET: Forum for Social Studies.

Kiarnersi, S., Jules, R. & Zhang, Y. (2021). Associations between hurricane exposure, food insecurity and microfinance; a cross-sectional study in Haiti. World Development, 145(1): 1-9.

Klarreich, K. and Polman, L. (2012). The NGO republic of Haiti. The Nation, Archive, pp. 1. Retrieved from https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/ngo-rep

Laing A, Ramos Miranda A. 2018. Chile sends 176 Haitian migrants home on criticized ‘humanitarian flight.’Reuters,Emerging Markers, pp. 1. Retrieved from:

https://www.reuters.com/article/us-chile-migrants/chile-sends-176-haitianmigrants-home-on-criticized-humanitarian-flight-idUSKCN1NC30V

Makina, D. (2013). Migration and characteristics of remittance senders in South Africa. International Migration, 51(1): 148-158. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2435.2012.00746.x.

Marcelin, L.H. & Cela, T. (2017a). After Hurricane Matthew: Resources, capacities, and pathways to recovery and reconstruction of devastated communities in Haiti. Port-au-Prince, HT: Interuniversity Institute for Research and Development (INURED).

Marcelin, L. H., Cela. T. (2017b). Republic of Haiti: Country of Origin Information Paper. Retrieved from: http://www.inured.org/uploads/2/5/2/6/25266591/unchr_coi_haiti_final_redacted_report_inured.pdf

Marcelin, L. H., Cela, T. & Shultz, J. M. (2016). Haiti and the Politics of Governance and Community Responses to Hurricane Matthew. Disaster Health, 3(4): 1-11. doi: 10.1080/21665044.2016.1263539.

Martin, S., Ferris, E. (2017). Border Security, Migration Governance and Sovereignty. Geneva, CH: International Organization for Migration (IOM).

Mohapatra, S., Joseph, G. & Ratha, D. (2009). Remittances and natural disasters: Ex-post response and contribution of ex-ante preparedness. Policy Research Working Paper 4972. Washington, D.C.: World Bank.

Morley, S. P., Bookey, B. & Bloch, I. (2021). A journey of Hope: Haitian women’s migration to Tapachula, Mexico. San Francisco, California: University of California, Hastings.

Muira, H. (2020). The Haitian migration flow to Brazil: Aftermath of the 2010 earthquake. Retrieved from: http://labos.ulg.ac.be/hugo/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2017/11/The-State-of-Environmental-Migration-2014-149-165.pdf

Nieto, C. (2014). Migración haitiana a Brasil: Redes migratorias y espacio social transnacional. Buenos Aires, AG: CLACSO.

Observatório das migrações internacionais (OBMigra). (2019). Relatório Anual do Observatório das Migrações Internacionais 2019. Retrieved from: https://portaldeimigracao.mj.gov.br/images/relatorioanual/RELAT%C3%93RIO%20ANUAL%20OBMigra%202019.pdf.

Observatório das migrações internacionais (OBMigra). 2020. Relatório Anual do Observatório das Migrações Internacionais 2020. Retrieved from: https://portaldeimigracao.mj.gov.br/images/dados/relatorio-anual/2020/OBMigra_RELAT%C3%93RIO_ANUAL_2020.pdf.

Organisation internationale pour les migrations (OIM). 2015. Migration en Haïti Profile migratoire national 2015. Geneva, CH: IOM.

Organisation of Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) & Interuniversity Institute for Research and Development (INURED). (2017). Interactions entre politique publiques, migration et développement en Haïti. Paris, FR: OECD.

Orozco, M. (2017). Migrants and the Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Remittances. Inter-American Dialogue, Uploads, pp. 1. Retrieved from: https://www.thedialogue.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Migration-remittancesand-the-impact-of-the-pandemic-3.pdf.

Orozco, M. (2006). Understanding the remittance economy in Haiti. Washington, D.C.: World Bank.

Pan American Health Organization (PAHO). (2021). Haiti earthquake August 2021. Wasington D.C.: PAHO. Retrieved from: Haiti Earthquake August 2021 - PAHO/WHO | Pan American Health Organization.

Paz, I. G. 2021. Strong earthquake rocks Haiti, kills hundreds. New York Times, World, pp. 1. Retrieved from: https://www.nytimes.com/live/2021/08/14/world/haiti-earthquake.

Perakis, M. (2011). The Short and Long Run Effects of Migration and Remittances: Some Evidence from Northern Mali. Agricultural & Applied Economics Association’s 2011 AAEA & NAREA Joint Annual Meeting. Retrieved from: https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/103704.

Ratha, D. & Shaw, W. (2007). South-south migration and remittances, World Bank Working Paper No. 102. Washington, D.C.: World Bank.

Ratha, D., Xu, Z. (2008). Migration and Remittances Factbook 2008. Washington, D.C.: World Bank.

Schlabach C. (2020). Torn between humanitarian ideals and U.S. pressure, Panama screens migrants from around the world. Cronkite News, News, pp. 1. Retrieved from: https://cronkitenews.azpbs.org/2020/07/02/humanitarian-flow-panama-migrants/

Schüler, S. (2020). Haïti: après l’opération pays lock, voyage à travers des provinces en Crise [Podcast]. Retrieved from: https://www.rfi.fr/fr/podcasts/20200205-haiti-operation-pays-lock-voyage-provinces-crise.

Short, P., Hossain, M., & Adil Khan, M. (2020). South-south migration: Emerging patterns, opportunities and risks. New York: Routledge.

Shultz, J.M., Cela, T., Marcelin, L.H. et al. (2016). The Trauma signature of the 2016 Hurricane Matthew and the psychosocial impact on Haiti. Disaster Health, 3(4): 1-18. doi: 10.1080/21665044.2016.1263538.

Lopez-Ekra, S., Aghazarm, C., Kötter, H. & Mollard, B. (2011). The impact of remittances on gender roles and opportunities for children in recipient families: research from the International Organization for Migration, Gender & Development, 19(1): 69-80. doi: 10.1080/13552074.2011.554025.

Ugarte Pfingsthorn, S. (2020). ‘I Need to Work to Be Legal, I Need to Be Legal to Work.’ Migrant Encounters, Haitian Women, and the Chilean State [Doctoral thesis]. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.17863/CAM.53123.

U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). 2021. Foreign-born Worker: Labor Force Characteristics — 2020 [Press release]. Retrieved from: https://www.bls.gov/news.release/pdf/forbrn.pdf.

Van Hear, N. & N. Sørensen, N. (2015). The migration-development nexus (1st ed.). Geneva, CH: International Organization for Migration.

Wejsa, S. & Lesser, J. (2018). Migration in Brazil: the Making of a multicultural society. Migraton Policy Institute, News, pp. 1. Retrieved from: https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/migration-brazil-making-multicultural-society.

Wendelbo, M., China, F., Dekeyser, H., Taccetti, L., Mori, S., Aggarwal, V., Alam, O., Savoldi, A. & Zielonka, R. (2016). The Crisis Response to the Nepal Earthquake: Lessons Learned. Brussels, BE: European Institute for Asian Studies.

World Bank. (2020). Migration and Development Brief 33 / Phase II: COVID-19 Crisis Through a Migration Lens. Retrieved from https://www.knomad.org/publication/migration-and-development-brief-34.

World Bank. (2021a). Personal Remittances, Received (% of GDP) – Haiti [Dataset]. Retrieved from: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/BX.TRF.PWKR.DT.GD.ZS?locations=HT.

World Bank. (2021b). Migration and Development Brief 34 / Resilience: COVID-19 Crisis Through a Migration Lens. Retrieved from: https://www.knomad.org/publication/migration-and-development-brief-34.

World Bank. (2021c). Migration and Development Brief 35 / Recovery: COVID-19 Crisis Through a Migration Lens. Retrieved from https://www.knomad.org/publication/migration-and-development-brief-35

World Bank. (2022). Migration and Development Brief 36 / A Wari in a Pandemic/ Implications of the Ukraine crisis and COVID-19 on global governance of migration and remittance flows. Retrieved from https://www.knomad.org/publication/migration-and-development-brief-36.

Yang, D. (2011). Migrant Remittances. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 25(3): 129-152. doi: 10.1257/jep.25.3.129.

Yang, D., & Choi, H. (2007). Are Remittances Insurance? Evidence from Rainfall Shocks in the Philippines. The World Bank Economic Review, 21(2), 219-248.

Yates, C. (2021). Haitian migration through the Americas: A decade in the making. Washington, D.C.: Migration Policy Institute.

Ziff, T. & Preel-Dumas, C. (2018). Coordinating a human response to the influx of Haitians in Chile. Inter-American Dialogue, Uploads, pp.1. Retrieved from: https://www.thedialogue.org/blogs/2018/09/the-influx-of-haitian-migrants-in-chile/

Publicado

2022-11-30

Cómo citar

La pandemia por COVID-19 y el cambiante panorama de las remesas en Haití. (2022). Relaciones Internacionales, 95(2), 139-169. https://doi.org/10.15359/ri.95-2.6

Número

Sección

Artículos (arbitrados por pares)

Cómo citar

La pandemia por COVID-19 y el cambiante panorama de las remesas en Haití. (2022). Relaciones Internacionales, 95(2), 139-169. https://doi.org/10.15359/ri.95-2.6

Comentarios (ver términos de uso)

Artículos más leídos del mismo autor/a

<< < 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 > >>