Análisis de política exterior en un contexto cambiante: Una aproximación
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15359/ri.96-1.5Palabras clave:
Enfoques y teorías de política exterior, estados pequeños, grandes potencias, guerra en Ucrania, pandemia del SARS-CoV2, política exteriorResumen
La política exterior constituye un campo de estudio particular, atrae la atención de numerosas personas académicas y centros de investigación, pues se ubica en el espacio interméstico (se formula en el ámbito interno o doméstico y se implementa en el externo o internacional) y resulta de los aportes disciplinarios de relaciones internacionales, ciencias políticas y administración pública; de esa forma constituye una disciplina puente de la primera disciplina científica. Además, su definición y caracterización es compleja, porque depende de cómo se auto percibe el Estado que la formula e implementa; pero también porque se relaciona con el tipo de actor estatal de que se trata. No es lo mismo una super o gran potencia que un Estado pequeño; y no se puede olvidar que más de tres cuartas partes de los países que conforman el sistema internacional son agentes pequeños. Por eso, desde mediados del siglo XX, el interés de analistas internacionales se ha enfocado en este campo. De igual forma, el análisis de la política exterior, como espacio de investigación, ha mostrado una importante evolución, y ha requerido nuevos enfoques y metodologías. Por otra parte, los cambios en el sistema internacional, en particular el fin de la Guerra Fría y los atentados del denominado 9-11, introdujeron variantes en el abordaje de esta cuestión; sin embargo, fue con la pandemia del SARS-CoV2 y de la guerra en Ucrania que la realidad se ha tornado más compleja y demanda nuevas perspectivas para el análisis de la política exterior, en particular de grandes potencias y Estados pequeños. Teniendo en cuenta esas particularidades, en este artículo se hace una revisión de los principales textos sobre la política exterior, a partir de mediados de la pasada centuria y hasta lo publicado este año. La intención es ofrecer una especie de estado del arte, para quienes les interese incursionar en el análisis de la política exterior, e identificar las principales ideas y enfoques para un posterior trabajo de investigación.
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