Geopolitics and Environment: Incidence of climate change and geopolitics interests in the Artic
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15359/ri.93-1.4Keywords:
Artic, International Regime, Commerce, Routes, Conflict, Territorial, Disputes, International Right, GeopoliticsAbstract
During Park Geun hye and Moon Jae presidential terms, there was implemented a foreign policy that emphasized the construction of a collective identity for the pacification of the peninsula. The article seeks to answer how the South Korean leaders used identity elements, either similar or different, in the context of their foreign policies for the pacification of the peninsula. A qualitative research methodology was used through interviews, analysis of documents and official websites, these being interpreted by the content analysis method. It is stated that South Korea's foreign policy towards North Korea, during these administrations, was based on an ideational structure that rescued the construction of a Korean collective identity, being these identity elements (shared by South Korean leaders) the factors that favored social interaction for the promotion of pacification.
References
Abarca, A., Alpízar, F., Rojas, C. y Sibaja, G. (2013). Técnicas cualitativas de investigación. Editorial UCR.
Abu-Tarbush, J. (2019). Geopolítica del Ártico. La amenaza del cambio climático. https://www.tendencias21.net/mundo/Geopolitica-del-Artico-La-amenaza-del-cambio-climatico_a114.html
Alcaide, J. (2009). La cuestión ártica y el derecho internacional. REDI, 61(2), 381-409.
Alonso, A. (06 de febrero de 2018). El Ártico ruso: Análisis geopolítico de las oportunidades y amenazas del deshielo polar. Análisis GESI, 5. http://www.seguridadinternacional.es/?q=es/content/el-%C3%A1rtico-ruso-an%C3%A1lisis-geopol%C3%ADtico-de-las-oportunidades-y-amenazas-del-deshielo-polar
Arrieta, A. (20 de septiembre de 2018). El Ártico: Un nuevo espacio en el tablero geopolítico mundial. Análisis GESI, 34. http://www.seguridadinternacional.es/?q=es/content/el-%C3%A1rtico-un-nuevo-espacio-en-el-tablero-geopol%C3%ADtico-mundial
BBC News. (21 de Agosto de 2019). Trump cancels Denmark visit amid spat over sale of Greenland. US and Canada. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-49416740
Beauvais, S. (2015). Russia’s Ambitions in the Artic. World Policy. https://worldpolicy.org/2015/03/25/russias-ambitions-in-the-arctic/
CIA (2020). Océanos: Océano Ártico. The World Factbook. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/xq.html
Conde, E. (2017). El régimen de los espacios polares: El espacio ártico. Universidad Complutense de Madrid y International Artic Sciences Committee (ISAC).
Conley, H. y Melino, M. (3 de mayo de 2019). The Implications of U.S. Policy Stagnation toward the Artic Region. CSIS, Report. https://www.csis.org/analysis/implications-us-policy-stagnation-toward-arctic-region
Consejo del Ártico. (1996). Declaración para el Establecimiento del Consejo del Ártico. https://oaarchive.arctic-council.org/bitstream/handle/11374/85/EDOCS-1752-v2-ACMMCA00_Ottawa_1996_Founding_Declaration.PDF?sequence=5&isAllowed=y
Consejo del Ártico. (2019). Agreements. https://arctic-council.org/index.php/en/our-work/agreements
Creswell, J. (2009). Research Design. Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Methods Approaches. SAGE Publications, Inc.
Cuellar R. (mayo-agosto, 2012). Geopolítica, origen del concepto y su evolución. Revista de Relaciones Internacionales de la UNAM, 113, 59-80. http://revistas.unam.mx/index.php/rri/article/download/48963/44028
Del Valle, J. (2015). El Ártico. Un espacio frágil entre la cooperación y la lucha por la hegemonía. Instituto Español de Estudios Estratégicos.
DW. (25 de mayo de 2015). NATO, allies launch Artic aerial drills. https://www.dw.com/en/nato-allies-launch-arctic-aerial-drills/a-18475384
Fondahl, G., Espíritu, A. e Ivanova, A. (2020). Russia’s Artic Regions and Policies. En K. Coates y C. Holroyd (Eds.), The Palgrave Handbook of Artic Policy and Politics. Palgrave Macmillan. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20557-7
Gobierno de Canadá. (2019). Canada’s Artic and Northen Policy Framework. https://www.rcaanc-cirnac.gc.ca/eng/1560523306861/1560523330587
Gobierno de Canadá. (2019). Partial Submission of Canada to the Commission to the Limits of the Continental Shelf regarding its continental shelf in the Artic Ocean. https://www.un.org/Depts/los/clcs_new/submissions_files/can1_84_2019/CDA_ARC_ES_EN_secured.pdf
Gobierno de la Federación Rusa. (2008). The Foundations of Russian Federation Policy in the Arctic until 2020 and Beyond. The Journal of International Security Affairs. http://www.arctic.or.kr/files/pdf/m4/rusia_eng.pdf
Gobierno del Reino de Dinamarca. (2011). Dinamarca, Groenlandia y las islas Faroe: Estrategia del Reino de Dinamarca para el Ártico 2011-2020. https://um.dk/en/foreign-policy/the-arctic/
Gobierno del Reino de Noruega. (2017). Norway’s Artic Strategy. Between geopolitics and social development. https://www.regjeringen.no/contentassets/fad46f0404e14b2a9b551ca7359c1000/arctic-strategy.pdf
Greenpeace. (2019). Save the Artic. https://www.greenpeace.org/usa/issues/protect-the-arctic/
Guzmán, A. y Meyer, T. (2010). International Soft Law. Legal Analysis 171. http://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/facpubs
Hauksson, S. (2009). A Legally Binding Regime for the Artic. Logfraedi: Haskolinn a Akureyri
Haycox, S. (2020). Artic Policy of the United Stares: An Historical Survey. En K. Coates, y C. Holroyd, (Eds.), The Palgrave Handbook of Artic Policy and Politics. Palgrave Macmillan. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20557-7
Holroyd, C. (2020). East Asia (Japan, South Korea and China) and the Artic. En K. Coates y C. Holroyd (Eds.), The Palgrave Handbook of Artic Policy and Politics. Palgrave Macmillan. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20557-7
IBRU (2019). Maritime Jurisdiction and Boundaries in the Artic Region. Durham University. https://www.dur.ac.uk/resources/ibru/resources/Arcticmap2019/IBRUArcticmapJune2019.pdf
Instituto Geográfico Nacional (2010). Conceptos cartográficos. Ministerio de Fomento, Gobierno de España. https://www.ign.es/web/resources/cartografiaEnsenanza/conceptosCarto/descargas/Conceptos_Cartograficos_def.pdf
Koivurova, T. (2016). How to Improve Artic International Governance. UC Irvine Law Review, 6(83), 83-98.
Laurelle, M. (2020). Russia’s Artic Policy. A Power Strategy and Its Limits. Notes de l’Ifri, Russie Nie Visions, 117, Russia NIS/Center. https://www.ifri.org/sites/default/files/atoms/files/laruelle_russia_arctic_policy_2020.pdf
La Vanguardia. (08 de mayo de 2019). Trump bloquea el Consejo del Ártico al negarse a mencionar el cambio climático. Diplomacia contra el medio ambiente. https://www.lavanguardia.com/natural/20190508/462122840247/donald-trump-gobierno-estados-unidos-bloquea-consejo-artico-negacionismo-cambio-climatico.html
Manero, A. (2018). La protección ambiental del Ártico y la Agenda 2030. Actualidad Jurídica Ambiental, 77, pp. 1-30.
Marqués, G. (2010). La condición jurídica del Ártico y la Antártica: Un asunto pendiente en la agenda jurídico-política de las relaciones internacionales contemporáneas. Revista de Relaciones Internacionales de la UNAM, 107, 39-65.
OMI. (2019). Transporte marítimo en aguas polares. http://www.imo.org/es/MediaCentre/HotTopics/polar/Paginas/Default.aspx
ONU. (2019). UN Treaty Collection. https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ParticipationStatus.aspx?clang=_en
Ostreng, W. (ed.) (1999). National Security and International Environmental Cooperation in the Artic-The Case of the Northern Sea Route. Environment and Policy (Vol. 16). Springer Science and Business Media, B.V.
Palacián, B. y Sánchez, I. (2013). Geopolítica del Deshielo en el Ártico. Estudios de Política Exterior. Política Exterior, 154. https://www.politicaexterior.com/articulos/politica-exterior/geopolitica-del-deshielo-en-el-artico/
Reuters. (27 de diciembre de 2017). Italy’s Eni begins drilling oil well in Alaska’s Beaufort Sea: BSEE. Commodities. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-eni-oil-arctic/italys-eni-begins-drilling-oil-well-in-alaskas-beaufort-sea-bsee-idUSKBN1EL1L1
Rodríguez, A. (2017). Geopolítica polar: Conquistar un continente que no existe. El Orden Mundial. https://elordenmundial.com/geopolitica-polar-un-continente-que-no-existe/
STRATFOR. (2015). Russia Targets NATO with Military Exercises. https://www.stratfor.com/analysis/russia-targets-nato-military-exercises.
Vincent, W. (2020). Artic Climate Change: Local Impacts, Global Consequences, and Policy Implications. En K. Coates y C. Holroyd, C. (Eds.), The Palgrave Handbook of Artic Policy and Politics. Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20557-7
Young, O.R. (2012). Building an international regime complex for the Arctic: current status and next steps. The Polar Journal, 2(2), 391-407, doi: 10.1080/2154896X.2012.735047
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Revista de Relaciones Internacionales por Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica está bajo una Licencia Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivar 4.0 Internacional
1.png)
3.png)
