Validation of a liquid chromatography detection method (HPLC-DAD) for the determination of aloin in Aloe vera food products
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15359/ru.33-2.2Keywords:
Aloe vera, aloin, HPLC, anthraquinones, validationAbstract
Aloin is an anthraquinone found in a wide variety of food products made from aloe, which can cause laxative effects and prolonged ingestion increases the risk of gastrointestinal cancer. In this study, parameters for aloin analysis and extraction methodology were validated using High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Diode-Array Detection (HPLC-DAD). Aloin concentration was determined in 14 commercial products consumed in Costa Rica. The quality values evaluated were linearity (R = from 0.9995 to 0.999995), reproducibility (recovery percentage = from 96.7% to 99.9%), intra-day precision (coefficient of variation = from 0.24% to 1.47%), inter-day precision (coefficient of variation = from 1.65% to 2.68%), limit of detection (from 0.063 mg/L to 0.228 mg/L), limit of quantification (from 0.126 mg/L to 0.452 mg/L) and selectivity (≤ 0.063 mg/L). The majority of the evaluated food products showed a concentration below the maximum value allowed (10 mg/L), with values between 0.2 ± 0.1 mg/L and 4.8 ± 0.1 mg/L of aloin, with an average standard deviation of 0.41 mg/L. Liquid samples presented higher values than the rest of the matrices. Two of the samples (RU/BT1/39A and RU/BT1/45B) were reported with concentrations higher than the maximum aloin value allowed (14.2 ± 0.1 mg/L and 19.0 ± 0.1 mg/L). The consumption of these products could have a long-term harmful effect on health, since they exceed the limit mentioned above.
References
Brown, P. N.; Yu, R.; Kuan, C. H.; Finley, J.; Mudge, E. M. y Dentali, S. (2014). Determination of Aloin A and Aloin B in Aloe vera raw materials and finished products by high-performance liquid chromatography: single-laboratory validation. Journal of AOAC International, 97(5), 1323-1328. Doi: https://doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.13-028
Buenz, E. J. (2008). Aloin induces apoptosis in Jurkat cells. Toxicology in Vitro, 22(2), 422-429. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tiv.2007.10.013
Bustamante Botero, J. E. y Carrascal, L. M. (2010). Estandarización de la técnica espectrofotométrica (UV-VIS) para la cuantificación de antraquinonas presentes en productos a base de Aloe vera (pp. 44-47). Tecnólogo en Química, Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Colombia. Recuperado de http://repositorio.utp.edu.co/dspace/handle/11059/1800
Celestino, V. R. L.; Maranhão, H. M. L.; Vasconcelos, C. F. B.; Lima, C. R.; Medeiros, G. C. R.; Araújo, A. V. y Wanderley, A. G. (2013). Acute toxicity and laxative activity of Aloe feroxresin. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia, 23(2), 279-283. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-695X2013005000009
Chiang, H.; Lin, Y.; Hsiao, P.; Su, Y.; Tsao, H. y Wen, K. (2012). Determination of marked components —aloin and aloe-emodin— in Aloe vera before and after hydrolysis. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, 20(3), 646-652. Doi:10.6227/jfda.2012200311
El Sohly, M. A.; Gul, W. y Murphy, T. P. (2004). Analysis of the anthraquinones aloe-emodin and aloin by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. International Immunopharmacology, 4(14), 1739-1744. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2004.07.005
El Sohly, M. A.; Gul, W.; Avula, B. y Khan, I. A. (2007). Determination of the anthraquinones aloe-emodin and aloin-A by liquid chromatography with mass spectrometric and diode array detection. Journal of AOAC International, 90(1), 28-42. Recuperado de https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17373434
Femenia, A.; Sánchez, E. S.; Simal, S. y Roselló, C. (1999). Compositional features of polysaccharides from Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis Miller) plant tissues. Carbohydrates Polymers, 39(2), 109-117. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0144-8617(98)00163-5
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (1991). Report of the Nineteenth session of the Codex Alimentarius Commission. Recuperado de http://www.fao.org/docrep/meeting/005/t0490e/t0490e00.htm
Genovese, S.; Tammaro, F.; Menghini, L.; Carlucci, G.; Epifano, F. y Locatelli, M. (2010). Comparison of three different extraction methods and HPLC determination of anthraquinones aloe-emodine, emodine, rheine, chrysophanol and physcione in the bark of Rhamnusalpinus L. (Rhamnaceae). Phytochemical Analysis, 21(3), 261-267. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/pca.1195
Hamman, J. H. (2008). Composition and applications of Aloe vera leaf gel. Molecules, 13(8), 1599-1616. Doi:10.3390/molecules13081599
Integrated Taxonomic Information Systems. (2017). ITIS (on-line database), https://www.itis.gov
International Aloe Science Council. (2010). IASC Provides Information on NTP Study Targeted for Consumers. Recuperado de http://www.iasc.org/News/NewsArchives.aspx
Joseph, B. y Raj, S. J. (2010). Pharmacognostic and phytochemical properties of Aloe vera Linn – An overview. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Review and Research, 4(2), 106-110. Recuperado de http://globalresearchonline.net/journalcontents/volume4issue2/Article%20017.pdf
Mandrioli, R.; Mercolini, L.; Ferranti, A.; Fanali, S. y Raggi, M. A. (2011). Determination of aloe emodin in Aloe vera extracts and commercial formulations by HPLC with tandem UV absorption and fluorescence detection. Food Chemistry, 126(1), 387-393. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.10.112
Meier, P. C. y Zünd, R. E. (2000). Statistical methods in analytical chemistry (2nd ed.). USA: Wiley & Sons. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/0471728411
Metcalfe, C. (2002). Trace HPLC analysis of aloin. Custom Analytics LLC: CA.
Miller J. N. y Miller J. C. (2002). Estadística y quimiometría para química analítica (4.a ed.). España: Pearson Educación.
Morales, J. F. (2001). Implementación de un método analítico para la extracción y análisis de residuos de piretroides en aguas por cromatografía de gases y su aplicación en el área forense. (Tesis de licenciatura). Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica.
National Toxicology Program. (2001). NTP toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of EMODIN (Cas N° 518-82-1) feed studies in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice. National Toxicology Program Technical Report Series, 493, 1-278. Recuperado de https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12563347
Natural Aloe. (2017). Naturaloe Costa Rica (sitio web), https://naturalaloecostarica.com/
Ni, Y.; Turner, D.; Yates, K. M. y Tizard, I. (2004). Isolation and characterization of structural components of Aloe vera L. leaf pulp. International Immunopharmacology, 4(14), 1745-1755. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2004.07.006
Peters, F. T. y Maurer, H. H. (2002). Bioanalytical method validation and its implications for forensic and clinical toxicology – A review. Accreditation and Quality Assurance, 7(11), 441-449. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00769-002-0516-5
Quesada Espinoza, F. (2006). Estudio de factibilidad de una planta de procesamiento de sábila (Aloe barbadensis) en la zona norte de Costa Rica. (Tesis de maestría). Universidad de Costa Rica, Costa Rica.
Ramírez Durón, R.; Ceniceros Almaguer, L.; Cavazos Rocha, N. C.; Silva Flores, P. G. y De Torres, N. W. (2008). Comparison of high-performance liquid chromatographic and thin-layer chromatographic methods for determination of aloin in herbal products containing Aloe vera. Journal of AOAC International, 91(6), 1265-1270. Recuperado de http://aoac.publisher.ingentaconnect.com/contentone/aoac/jaoac/2008/00000091/00000006/art00003
Schörkhuber, M.; Richter, M.; Dutter, A.; Sontag, G. y Marian, B. (1998). Effect of the anthraquinone-laxatives on the proliferation and urokinase secretion of normal, pre-malignant and malignant colonic epithelial cells. European Journal of Cancer, 34(7), 1091-1098. Recuperado de https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959804998000379
Shariff, M. (2010). Aloe vera chemicals and usages. Advances in Environmental Biology, 4(3), 464-468. Recuperado de https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265009522_Aloe_Vera_Chemicals_and_Usages
Van Gorkom, B. A.; de Vries, E. G.; Karrenbeld, A. y Kleibeuker, J. H. (1999). Review article: Anthranoid laxatives and their potential carcinogenic effects. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapy, 13(4), 443-452. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2036.1999.00468.x
Vega, I. (2009). Aplicación de la microextracción en fase sólida y de la cromatografía de gases-FID para la evaluación de la concentración del éter metilterc-butílico (MTBE) en agua de lluvia y subterránea. (Tesis de licenciatura). Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica.
Yang, H. N.; Kim, D. J.; Kim, Y. M.; Kim, B. H.; Sohn, K. M.; Choi, M. J. y Choi, Y. H. (2010). Aloe-induced toxic hepatitis. Journal of Korean Medical Science, 25(3), 492-495. Doi: 10.3346/jkms.2010.25.3.492
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
1. Authors guarantee the journal the right to be the first publication of the work as licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
2. Authors can set separate additional agreements for non-exclusive distribution of the version of the work published in the journal (eg, place it in an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
3. The authors have declared to hold all permissions to use the resources they provided in the paper (images, tables, among others) and assume full responsibility for damages to third parties.
4. The opinions expressed in the paper are the exclusive responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the opinion of the editors or the Universidad Nacional.
Uniciencia Journal and all its productions are under Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Unported.
There is neither fee for access nor Article Processing Charge (APC)
