Onicoforología, el estudio de los gusanos de terciopelo, tendencias históricas, hitos e investigadores de 1826 a 2020 (Revisión de la Literatura)

Autores/as

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15359/ru.35-1.13

Palabras clave:

historia de la ciencia, estudio de invertebrados, patrones de investigación, estudio de onicóforos

Resumen

Los gusanos de terciopelo, peripatos u onicóforos, son un filo de importancia evolutiva que ha sobrevivido a todas las extinciones masivas desde el Cámbrico. Capturan sus presas con una red adhesiva que se forma en una fracción de segundo. El primer naturalista que los describió fue Lansdown Guilding (1797-1831), un sacerdote británico de la isla caribeña de San Vicente Su vida es tan poco conocida como el campo científico que él inició, la onicoforología. Este artículo es la primera historia general de la Onicoforología, aquí dividida en periodos de 50 años. Los primeros estudios, de 1826 a 1879, fueron publicados por estudiantes de naturalistas famosos como Cuvier y von Baer. Entre estos estudiantes estaban Milne-Edwards y Blanchard, y los estudios se hicieron mayormente en Francia, Gran Bretaña y Alemania. En el período 1880-1929, el trabajo se concentró en anatomía, comportamiento, biogeografía y ecología, y es en este período cuando apareció la gran monografía de Bouvier. El siguiente periodo, 1930-1979, fue importante por el descubrimiento de fósiles cámbricos; la explicación de Vachon de cómo la distribución antigua definió la existencia de dos familias; estudios en Brasil con ADN y microscopía electrónica; e intentos primitivos de sistemática utilizando embriología o características anatómicas aisladas. Finalmente, el período 1980-2020, con investigaciones centradas en Australia, Brasil, Costa Rica y Alemania, está marcado por un enfoque evolutivo de todos los campos, desde el cuerpo y el comportamiento, hasta la distribución geográfica; el descubrimiento de cómo forman su red adhesiva; la reconstrucción de las comunidades del Cámbrico, la primera tafonomía experimental; el primer mapa del estado de conservación en todo un país (de Costa Rica); el primer modelo de porqué sobreviven en las ciudades; el descubrimiento de nuevos fenómenos, como ocultar alimentos, inversión en alimentación parental y el cambio ontogenético de dieta; así como el nacimiento de una nueva rama de investigación, la etnobiología de onicóforos. Si bien algunos nombres aparecen a menudo en la literatura, la mayoría del conocimiento fue producido por una masa de investigadores que ingresaron al campo brevemente.

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