Presence of molds and contamination with mycotoxins in silages for ruminant feeding: Review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15359/rcv.33-1.1Keywords:
fungi, silage, mycotoxins, cattle, forages, fungi contaminationAbstract
Several studies have identified mold growing in ensiled forage for domestic ruminant feeding, capable of producing important toxins for public and animal health.The main aim of this review is to create a compilation of the results of several studies that identified molds and mycotoxins of known risk in silages made from different materials in several world regions used for ruminant feeding. Secondly, this review describes the fungus species most commonly identified by several authors, and the factors promoting their presence and development, as well as the resulting mycotoxin production. Finally, some measures to prevent mycotoxin contamination in silages are described, and the need for further research regarding the presence of mycotoxins in ruminant food in Costa Rica is shown.
The main health effects on ruminants of mycotoxins found in silages are associated with impaired reproductive and immunologic functions, and digestive system alterations. The main genera of fungi identified in studies around the world reviewed for this paper are Penicillium spp, Fusarium spp and Aspergillus spp. Several studies reported contamination on silages, mainly with aflatoxins (AFB1), fumonisins (FB1), tricothecenes (DON, T2) and zearalenonalarenone.
Factors like oxygen present during the ensiling process, environmental temperature, packaging conditions, and post harvesting management are of remarkable importance as promoters of fungus growth and further mycotoxin production.
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