Baylisascaris procyonis, a nematode in urban raccoons and emerging zoonotic agent to be considered as a differential diagnosis of larva migrans in Costa Rica. Review.
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15359/rcv.35-1.2Keywords:
Raccoons, Baylisascaris procyonis, Public Heath, Animal Health, Larva migransAbstract
The zoonotic helminth Baylisacaris procyonis is a parasite in urban raccoons (Procyon lotor) of increasing public health concern. A new report alerts about the presence of these roundworms in urban raccoon populations in Costa Rica stressing the need to understand the parasite, its life cycle and preventive measures to avoid transmission to humans and pets. This is a brief review of the most remarkable features of this parasite and its negative effects on animal and public health. Additionally, emphasis is given on the best and most appropriate etiologic diagnostic methods in domestic animals, as well as treatment and prevention in dogs. This article is meant to raise awareness in public and animal health caretakers to consider Bayliascaris procyonis as differential diagnosis for larva migrans in Costa Rica.References
Anderson R.C., Chabaud A.G. & Willmott S.: Keys to the Nematode Parasites of Vertebrates. Archival Volume. CAB International, Wallingford (UK); 2009: 463. ISBN-13: 978-1-84593-572-6.
Baldi M., Alvarado G., Smith S., Santoro, M., Bolaños, N., Jiménez, C., Hutter, S. E., & C. Walzer, C. 2016. Baylisascaris procyonis Parasites in Raccoons, Costa Rica, 2014. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 22(8):1502-1503. doi:10.3201/eid2208.151627.
Bauer C. 2013. Baylisascariosis—Infections of animals and humans with ‘unusual’ roundworms. Veterinary Parasitology. Volume 193(4): 404–412. doi./10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.12.036.
Bowman D.D. 2000. Baylisascaris Procyonis in Dogs. In: Companion and Exotic Animal Parasitology, Bowman D.D. (Ed.). International Veterinary Information Service. Disponible en: http://www.ivis.org/advances/Parasit_Bowman/bowman_baylisascariasis/ivis.pdf
Bowman D.D., Ulrich M.A., Gregory D.E., Neumann N.R., Legg W. & Stansfield D. 2005. Treatment of Baylisascaris procyonis infections in dogs with milbemycin oxime. Parasitology 129(3-4): 285-90. doi./10.1016/j.vetpar.2004.02.030.
Calderón S., De Oliveira J., Hernández, J., Jiménez, M. & Muñoz P. 2008. Parásitos gastrointestinales en caninos menores de seis meses comercializados en tiendas de mascotas de la Gran Área Metropolitana de Costa Rica. Ciencias Veterinarias 26(1): 21–35. Disponible en : http://www.revistas.una.ac.cr/index.php/veterinaria/article/view/4682
Conover, Michael R. Resolving human-wildlife conflicts. 2001.The science of wildlife damage management / Michael Conover. Boca Raton, Fla.: Lewis Publishers.. ISBN: 978-1-56670-538-7.
Dangoudoubiyam, S., Ramesh V., and K. R. Kazacos. 2009. “PCR Assays for Detection of Baylisascaris Procyonis Eggs and Larvae.” The Journal of parasitology. 95(3): 571–77. doi: 10.1645/GE-1905.1.
Fitzgerald, S. D., M. R. White, and K. R. Kazacos. 1991. “Encephalitis in Two Porcupines Due to Baylisascaris Larval Migration”. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 3(4): 359–62. doi:10.1177/104063879100300421.
Franssen, F. K. Xie, H.Sprong, and J.van der Giessen. 2013. “Molecular Analysis of Baylisascaris Columnaris Revealed Mitochondrial and Nuclear Polymorphisms”.. Parasites & vectors 6: 124. doi: 10.1186/1756-3305-6-124.
Gavin, P.J; K. R. Kazacos, S.T. Shulman, and Gavin .T. E. 2005. “Baylisascariasis”. Clinical microbiology reviews.18(4): 703–18. doi: 10.1128/CMR.18.4.703-718.2005.
Graeff-Teixeira, C.; A. L. Morassutti, and K. R. Kazacos. 2016. “Update on Baylisascariasis, a Highly Pathogenic Zoonotic Infection.” Clinical Microbiology Reviews 29(2). doi: 10.1128/CMR.00044-15.
Hirsch, Ben T, S. Prange, S. a Hauver, and S. D. Gehrt. 2014. “Patterns of Latrine Use by Raccoons (Procyon Lotor) and Implication for Baylisascaris Procyonis Transmission.” Journal of wildlife diseases. 50(2): 243–49. doi: 10.7589/2013-09-251.
Kazacos, K R, and J J Turek. 1982. “Scanning Electron Microscopy of the Labia of Baylisascaris Procyonis (Nematoda).” The Journal of parasitology 68(4): 634–41. doi: DOI: 10.2307/3280921
Kazacos, K.R. 2001. “Baylisascaris Procyonis and Related Species.” In Parasitic Diseases of Wild Mammals, WM Samuel, MJ Pybus, and AA Kocan (Eds.). Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa (2001): 301-341. ISBN-081382978X.
Kazacos, K. R. 2006. “Unusual Fecal Parasite in a Dog.” applied cytology: 3–5. Disponible en: http://www.cliniciansbrief.com/column/applied-cytology/unusual-fecal-parasite-dog.
Murray, William J.; Kazacos, Kevin R. 2004. Raccoon roundworm encephalitis. In Clinical infectious diseases: an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America 39 (10), pp. 1484-1492. doi: 10.1086/425364.
Navares, V. 2014. “Distribución Potencial de La Ocurrencia Del Conflicto Ser Humano-Mapache Norteño (Procyon Lotor) y La Percepción de Los Pobladores Afectados de La Gran Área Metropolitana de Costa Rica.” Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica.
Page, L K, R K Swihart, and K R Kazacos. 1999. “Implications of Raccoon Latrines in the Epizootiology of Baylisascariasis.” Journal of wildlife diseases 35(3): 474–80. doi: 10.7589/0090-3558-35.3.474.
Paquet-Durand, I. Hernández J., Dolz, G., Romero, J.J., Schbieder, T., Epe, C. 2007. “Prevalence of Toxocara Spp., Toxascaris Leonina and Ancylostomidae in Public Parks and Beaches in Different Climate Zones of Costa Rica.” Acta Tropica 104(1): 30–37. doi: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2007.06.011
Park, S. Y., Glaser C., Murray, W.J., Kazacos, K.R., Rowley H.A., Frederick, D.R., Bass, N. 2000. “Raccoon Roundworm ( Baylisascaris Procyonis ) Encephalitis : Case Report and Field Investigation”. Pediatrics 106 (4) e1-5.” Disponible en: http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/106/4/e56.long.
Peters, J. M., Madhavan V.L., Kazacos, K.R., Husson, P.N., Dagoudoubiyam, S., Soul, J.S. 2012. “Good Outcome with Early Empiric Treatment of Neural Larva Migrans due to Baylisascaris Procyonis.” Pediatrics 129: e806–11. Disponible en: http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/129/3/e806.long?sso=1&sso_redirect_count=1&nfstatus=401&nftoken=00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000&nfstatusdescription=ERROR%3a+No+local+token
Roscoe, E. 1993. “Epizootiology new of canine raccoons distemper in New Jersey racoons”. J Wildl Dis 29(3):390–395. Disponible en: http://www.jwildlifedis.org/toc/jwdi/29/3.
Roussere, G. P., Murray W.J., Raudenbush, C.B., Kutilek, M.J., levee, D.J., Kazacos, K. R. 2003. “Raccoon Roundworm Eggs near Homes and Risk for Larva Migrans Disease, California Communities.” Emerging infectious diseases 9(12): 1516–22. doi: 10.3201/eid0912.030039
Saffra, N. A. et al. 2010. “Baylisascaris Procyonis Induced Diffuse Unilateral Subacute Neuroretinitis in New York City.” Journal of neuroparasitology 1: 1–4. doi. 10.4303/jnp/N100401.
Shafir, S. C, F.J Sorvillo, T. Sorvillo, and M.L Eberhard. 2011. “Viability of Baylisascaris Procyonis Eggs.” Emerging infectious diseases 17(7): 1293–95. doi: 10.3201/eid1707.101774.
Sorvillo, F., L.R. Ash, O. G. W. Berlin, and S. A. Morse. 2002. “Baylisascaris Procyonis: An Emerging Helminthic Zoonosis.” Emerging infectious diseases 8(4): 355–59. doi: 10.3201/eid0804.010273.
Tokiwa, T, S. Nakamura, Taira, K., U. Yumi. 2014. “Baylisascaris Potosis N. Sp., a New Ascarid Nematode Isolated from Captive Kinkajou, Potos Flavus, from the Cooperative Republic of Guyana.” Parasitology International (63): 591–96. doi: 10.1016/j.parint.2014.03.003.
Wise, M. E. Sorvillo, F.J., Shafir, S.C., Lawrence R.A., Berlin, O.G. 2005 “Severe and Fatal Central Nervous System Disease in Humans Caused by Baylisascaris Procyonis, the Common Roundworm of Raccoons: A Review of Current Literature.” Microbes and Infection 7(2): 316–22. doi: 10.1016/j.micinf.2004.12.005
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Licensing of articles
All articles will be published under a license:
Licencia Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 3.0 Costa Rica.
Access to this journal is free of charge, only the article and the journal must be cited in full.
Intellectual property rights belong to the author. Once the article has been accepted for publication, the author assigns the reproduction rights to the Journal.
Ciencias Veterinarias Journal authorizes the printing of articles and photocopies for personal use. Also, the use for educational purposes is encouraged. Especially: institutions may create links to specific articles found in the journal's server in order to make up course packages, seminars or as instructional material.
The author may place a copy of the final version on his or her server, although it is recommended that a link be maintained to the journal's server where the original article is located.
Intellectual property violations are the responsibility of the author. The company or institution that provides access to the contents, either because it acts only as a transmitter of information (for example, Internet access providers) or because it offers public server services, is not responsible.
